Post Archive
Region: Commonwealth of Liberty
Amid Growing Controversy Prime Minister Senghor Passes Modified Anti-Conversion Laws
February 16, 1951
Even as lawyers, and protestors from the United States continued to pressure the Malian government, Prime Minister Senghor has codified and standardized new anti-conversion laws.
The Religious Freedom, and Protections Against Conversions Act
The RFPAC Act is a law against unlawful religious conversions. An unlawful conversion is any religious conversion done under forceful means. This can include:
Conversions in exchange for a promise of marriage.
Conversion in exchange for a promise of wealth, property, or other physical goods.
Conversions done under threat of violence, harm, or confiscation of property or goods.
The Bill also contains provisions to limit aspects of proselytizing. This includes:
Banning so-called street preaching or the evangelizing religious faith in public places.
Attempts to denigrate, demean, or incite hatred against ones own, or another religion is considered under this law.
Exceptions:
Door to door preaching is not banned; however, if individual housing, or entire villages have no solicitation, or no trespassing notices, continuing proselytization will count as a breach of the law.
Inter-Religious marriages that result in a conversion are not banned. Only if conversion is stipulated as a requirement for marriage, will it be a breach of the law.
Public Reactions have so far been largely supportive. Muslim and Traditional African Religion practitioners, who together make up around 90% of the population, are largely in favor of anti-proselytizing laws, especially as Christian, and cult sects from the west begin coming to Africa. Minority groups like Christians, have expressed concerns about the new laws, fearing it may hinder their ability to freely express their religious beliefs in public, and spread their gospel to others.
The Church of Latter Day Saints (Mormon) religious group, have already strongly condemned the passage of this law. They have further requested the release of the two missionaries caught proselytizing to people in villages in rural Mali. The government has assigned a judge to review the case, but havent promised any substantial overturn.
Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Turkiye 1St
[list][pre]T H E K I N G D O M O F S I K H I M འ བྲ ས་ ལྗོ ང ས[/pre][/list]
AGING TASHI NAMGYAL SEES SUCCESSFUL NEGOTIATIONS FOR THE TRANSFER OF NEPALI SIKHIMESE TO INDIA
[list][sup]TWO CENTURIES, ONE SOLUTION
FEBRUARY 1961[/sup][/list]
The considerable Nepali Hindu population in the Kingdom of Sikhim had been one of the sharpest and most deeply embedded thorns in the side of the gray-haired Chogyal Tashi Namgyal. After arriving under British auspices in the nineteenth centurytransplanted to improve British control in the regionthe Nepali had fast grown in number and prominence. They were now among the largest single ethnic group in Sikhimnearly a majorityand were the chief wielders of annexationist rhetoric, believing union with India to be the most realistic goal of the Sikhimese Kingdom. When the realm was a British client state, they had been aggressively permitted to supplant the already-shrunken indigenous land and languages; as in neighboring Bhutan, the tensions between the settlers and native populations were nearing an obvious breaking point. Prompted by mounting agitations with Nepali legislators, the Chogyal spent extensive hours at Gangtoks Namgyal Institute of Tibetology with Indian ambassador Apa Pant and several prominent Lepcha legislators to discuss and plot what could be done to peacefully solve the issue short of ceding the ancestral lands now occupied by the Nepali to the Republic of India. Tashi had long sought an answer to the problem, and it had now grown so large that drastic motions were due. History thus seemed to reveal the solution.
In one of his final meetings before his intended resignation, a wan Mahātmā Gandhi received the also aging Chogyal Tashi Namgyal and his entourage in Delhi for formal negotiations regarding the Nepali Sikhimese in February 1961. Accomplished Indian diplomat Apa Pantthough now preparing to become the Indian Ambassador to Indonesiaproved the leading man of the summit, which ultimately produced what would be called the Delhi Decree in the Kingdom of Sikhim. In much the same vein as the Greek and Turkish population transfers of the 1920s, the Indian government summarily agreed to provide for and coordinate the transfer of the roughly 70,000 inhabitants of known Nepali Hindu settlements in Sikhimand their belongingsto designated settlement areas in northeast India beginning in the summer of 1962 and proceeding over the coming two years. The Indian Armed Forces were given the charge of the task, and they would be accompanied by Sikhimese monastic recordkeepers and academics to determine the communities locations and ideal paths of travel. Indeed, the move was strategic in the case of both nations; India would receive an established community speaking a familiar language to fortify its northern frontieras well as rapport in the Himalayaswhile Sikhim would see the return of traditional lands to its indigenous groups and reduce the strain on its already painfully multilingual central government. It was a bold maneuver only possible with Gandhiesque goodwill, but one that the Chogyal had grown to direly need.
Predictable outcry emerged in the humble Sikhimese Parliament as Nepali legislators accused Tashi Namgyal of deciding the fate of the Nepali Sikhimese community without its involvement or democratically established consent, and nearly all Parliamentarians joined in questioning the constitutional authority of the Chogyal to take such dramatic actions; most, however, saw the paid transfer of the Nepali community as an acceptable realization of the annexationism espoused by Nepali parliamentarians in recent years. Regardless, the Nepali could do little against the will of the Indian Army, even if it was an overreach on the part of Tashi Namgyal. To the Chogyal, it was a sweeping victorythe collaboration with India was a decisive step in Sikhimo-Indian relations, and the eviction of the Nepali community, though it would leave a void in southern Sikhim, would be strongly conducive to the resettlement of the former ancestral lands of the Limbu, Sherpa and other southern Sikhimese people by their indigenous populations. The absence of the Nepali Hindus would also mean that the Republic of India was less culturally and religiously invested in Sikhim; Tashi had sought for half a century to step out of the shadow of India and clarify the independence of his country without ambiguity. Indeed, there seemed to be no losers in the situation, save for the thousands of settlers who would be forced by armed men to march south in the coming two years.
Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[list][list]FEBRUARY 1961
[sub]Extreme Poverty[/sub][/list]
THE HINTERLAND OF NORTHEAST BRAZIL
[sub]CAXIAS, MARANHÃO, Brazil Toucan MORNINGTIME[/sub]
| A few miles from the city center, in a very poor neighborhood, whose city hall was never interested in paving the streets, collecting garbage and making an efficient sewage system, there is a family where the father and mother work a lot on a farm to put food on the table. As there is no electricity in the neighborhood, residents cannot use a stove, refrigerator or washing machine. The wood oven is used for cooking and dirty laundry is washed in the river. ALMA CORREIA prepares her five children to go to school, the children walk to school along a long, muddy road. |
[list]| ALMA CORREIA, [sub]Mother[/sub] | On your way back from school, dont forget to go to the grocery store to buy wheat flour, your brother João will accompany you.[/list]
| Her 7-year-old son nods gently as he retrieves a cloth bag that contains his notebook and pencil. The older brother, aged 18, worked in a mechanical workshop to help his parents. Talking to a friend, RAIMUNDO CORREIA said: |
[list]| RAIMUNDO CORREIA, [sub]Oldest Son[/sub] | My dream was to have continued my studies, but I had to give up out of necessity.[/list]
| In an old flowered dress, ALMA leaves for work, while everyone in the family is out of the house, a well-dressed 60-year-old lady appears in front of the house. As there was no one at home, she decided to find out from a group of neighbors who were close by. |
[list]| ISABEL SIQUEIRA, [sub]City Hall Employee[/sub] | Can anyone tell me what time the residents of this house will return?[/list]
| Rudely, the neighbors ignored her and she went back to where she had parked her car. By evening, the eldest son, mother, father and five children had already returned home. After washing her hands, ALMA went to the kitchen to prepare dinner, today the family will share the same bread, thanks to the wheat flour that the youngest son brought. A few hours later, the family gathered around the table to pray before eating. |
[list]| ALMA CORREIA, [sub]Mother[/sub] | Amen.
| RAIMUNDO CORREIA, [sub]Oldest Son[/sub] | Amen.
| JOSÉ CORREIA, [sub]Youngest Son[/sub] | Amen.
| JOAQUIM CORREIA, [sub]Father[/sub] | Amen.[/list]
| Everyone ate in silence. After they finished, the children got up and went to sleep (the house had two bedrooms, one for the couple and one for the six children). Many Brazilian families sadly live this same reality, if they want water they have to go to a well with buckets of water to be able to do simple tasks inside the house. Brasílias politicians say they want to end poverty in the country, but they dont make concrete policies to put an end to it. Perhaps Brazils new chef SARAH KUBITSCHEK will change something. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[list][pre]T H E S L O V E N E R E P U B L I C S L O V E N S K A R E P U B L I K A[/pre][/list]
SLOVENIAN CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE DEBUTS CHEMO-ELECTRIC ROER FUEL CELL, ATTRACTS INVESTORS
[list][sup]AS THE FUTURE BECKONS
MARCH 1961[/sup][/list]
In the years since the independence of the Slovene Republic, the national government of the south-central European nation had become keenly aware that it should play to its strengths. Its size and geography did not permit it to compete with German automotive manufacturing or Alpine chocolate and watchesit would need to carve a uniquely useful position for itself to succeed economically. The earliest and most successful solution had been, in the end, chemicals. Developments ranging from chemical business associations to sprawling multi-chemical facilities to aluminum plants to Krka laboratories epitomized an industry grown on talents stretching back to the 1930s highlighted by ceaseless government support.
The national Slovenian Chemistry Institute took the burgeoning sectors next significant step in announcing that, in 1960, its laboratories had produced a first-of-its-kind power cell capable of generating modest quantities of electricity via the chemical reactions between hydrogen peroxide and aluminum. An early and prominent manufacturer of both substances, Slovenia stood to gain a great deal from the prospect of hydrogen peroxide powerit was hardly any surprise that the experiment had been a pet project of the Slovene government and former President Nikola Koprivnikar in particular, though Koprivnikar was no longer in office to take credit for the innovation. Indeed, peroxide found increasingly widespread usage in the Republics engineering circles during his tenurea test of hydrogen peroxide rockets precipitated the founding of KISLOV, Slovenias national space agency, in February 1960. The development of the hydrogen peroxide cellentitled the Roer cell after leading chemist Dr. Gode Roerimmediately attracted the attention of chemical giant Pregelj, who supported substantial research grants to further the development of the technology to the end of its own gain. Indeed, much work was neededit was fundamentally a module juxtaposing hydrogen peroxide as a catholyte and cathode against aluminum as an anode, but, still being in its primitive stages, it took hours to reach its total capacity. Dealing with the waste productswater and recyclable chemical compoundsposed few problems; it was making the cell an on-demand, strong supplier of energy that was the most significant challenge.
Nonetheless, as a more efficient alternative to lead-acid batteries and other fuel sources, the invention was remarkably exciting. The Roer cell was a much-needed research breakthrough in a country that was known for its chemical field decades agoit earned a personal visit by President Boidar Jakac to the Slovenian Chemistry Institute to meet with and congratulate the triumphant Doctor. Streamlining the cell and making it available to Slovenias corporate laboratories would be a time-consuming process, but the Republics chemists could doubtlessly sustain themselves on the excitement alone.
Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
The 1962 Gambian Elections Loom on the Horizon
1961
After months of campaigning, and political maneuvering, much of which was allegedly funded by the upper classes of Mali, the African Regroupment Party - The Gambia, had succeeded in surviving its first years.
The recently renamed Peoples Progressive Party, under Sir Dawda Jawara, saw a sharp drop in its public support following increasingly petty, and in some cases violent disputes with the United Party, led by Pierre Sarr NJie.
The ARP-G represented a far more stable and peaceful political party and also managed to leech Pro-Malian Union members of the Peoples Progressive Party. The Democratic Alliance Congress, a small Christian and Muslim unity party disbanded in favor of joining the ARP-G.
While their victory is increasingly becoming a reality, the leader of the ARP-G, Assan Camara would continually campaign and mingle with the small upper class of The Gambia, as well as British elites; many of whom assume unification with Mali is a foregone conclusion. British acceptance and middle-class support are paramount for the party to gain funding and public recognition. Meanwhile on the ground, the second in command of the party, Sheriff Dibba would continue to whip up support amongst union members, and peasants. Even more importantly, Dibba would visit tribal monarchs, and village leaders to convince them to vote with the ARP. Many of these leaders are apprehensive, especially as stories of Malian degradation of nobility rights have reached across the border. Dibbas assurances, would be instrumental in securing the support of rural Gambians.
Only time will tell if the ARP-G will secure victory; however, if they continue with their current momentum, it seems the outcome is already a foregone conclusion.
Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Greater Kurdistane, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
Marrakesh United News Network
February 24th, 1961
The Moroccan Civil War has officially begun
The feared Civil War is here. On the 19th the Military declared the election fraudulent, and has stated their intention to keep the king out of Morocco, and to keep Morocco's integrity. With this they have occupied half of the country.
Along with this, groups of Monarchists have declared that the Monarchy must be returned, and have stated their intention to maintain the Moroccan Royal Family, at whatever cost. This group of citizens have taken a section of the army with them, while also making their own military to go along with it.
The armies of each of these groups consist of, 22,000 soldiers for the Oriental-Islamic Republic of Riff, 53,000 soldiers for the Communist Republic of Morocco, 17,000 soldiers for the Royalists, 31,000 soldiers for the Anarchist State of Morocco, and 83,000 soldiers in the Militarist faction. With each side seemingly mobilizing much more soldiers fast.
The Marrakesh United News Network has also seen Marrakesh go under Military occupation, so we may be changing the news networks name.
The President of Morocco has recovered from the hospital.
Following his attempted assasination president Al Yata has recovered and has returned to his office in Morocco. He has stated that he will make sure his Communist government can reunify Morocco, and hopefully end the bloodshed that has already begun.
His administration has counted up about 362 Anarchist casualties, 523 Riffian casualties, 659 Communist casualties, 122 Military casualties, and 51 Monarchist casualties.
President Al Yata has also requested to become a member of Comecon, so Morocco may be able to help the Communist world internationally. Also hoping to receive plenty of aid from fellow Socialist and Communist countries.
Meanwhile, the military has begun to make some advances against the Anarchists and Communists, losing some ground to the Monarchists, however, not much.
We hope that this civil war can be ended swiftly so Morocco can go back to improving, and not just fall into deep economic instability.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Prosperity, Fraternity, Liberty"
Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list][PRE]Febuary 26th 1961[/pre][/list]
[list][list][list][list][pre] Alvarez's Concessions Lead to More Liberal Policy
Amid Protest From Progressive Activism[/pre][/list][/list][/list][/list]
[list][list][pre] P L U S - U L T R A[/pre][/list][/list]
[list][I]Madrid Spainard
[sub][I]THE SPANISH KINGDOM OF SPAIN[/I][/sub][/list]
[list]|[sub]Two years into his premiership, Francis Alavrez's coalition government seems to have conceded to the liberal and university crowd after nearly two years of resistance. In an emergency session in the Cortes Generales, both chambers have passed bipartisan legislation to ensure a nationwide minimum wage for all manufacturing and other jobs that provide a service.[/sub]
[I][sub]Progressive issues such as homosexual relations between two men and/or two women would be codified into law as legal. The same legislation, it will allow same-sex couples to marry, have children, and ensure that they have the same equal legal protection as any other citizen.[/sub]
[I][sub]This was met with significant controversy from the Catholic Church. Conferencia Episcopal Española, or the Spanish Episcopal Conference, condemned the law and demanded the King denounce and formally veto this legislation. However, given the Monarch's fragility since its restoration, the King could not afford to go against the public in favor of the Catholic Church.[/sub]
[list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler][/list]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list]February, 1961
[sub]Formations of a Nation[/sub][/list]
[list]PREMIER OKPARA EXITS MEETING, REFUSED CENTRALISED MILITARY AND ECONOMIC REFORMS[/list][/list]
| In a surprise turn of events, Premier of Western Nigeria and Democratic Socialist, Michael Okpara has exited the 1st Federative Congress, in what has been reported in protest to the Federal Government's plans to centralise the military, loosen government regulation on business as-well as his spending increases of which has been deemed to be peanuts to what Okpara had hoped for. Propped up by the WNC (Western Nigerian Congress) - the dominant party in the region and under the control of the Socialist Union of West Nigeria - Okpara had bargained for the creation of a European-style welfare state as-well as extensive public ownership, relaxation of union laws, formal equality of minority groups and an overhaul of the tax system. In just the opening day of the meeting, discussions were held about the centralisation of the military, currently under the direct control of Regional Militia's, with both Okpara and Premier of Western Nigeria, Ladoke Akintola, opposing it. Despite this, Prime Minister Balewa would offer a more moderate deal by the creation of the Nigerian Federal Military, which would be controlled by the Regional Premiers, but ultimately have a more centralised leadership base. However, Balewa was more focused on his economic reforms, in which outlined regulation cuts on oil companies in the Delta, more cross-party partnership between private and public companies on healthcare and education, and minor spending increases on infrastructure and healthcare. |
| Directly opposing them once more, the meeting would collapse upon Okpara's exit from the 1st Federative Congress, citing lack of ambition in his economic reforms and plans for a centralised military command system. With his exit, the meeting inevitably collapsed and was called off by the Prime Minister, citing his exit as that the meeting could no longer continue. This meant that his "big economic reforms" would be suspended for the 1961 May Budget, which would be directly voted by the Members of Parliament and not by either Premier's or Regional Directives, and more likely to be passed. However, it clearly suggests that the Nigerian Nationalist Mastermind turned PM has little control over his premiers, and may look in the future to centralise power. However, bigger questions remained over what consequences Okpara would see, with some suggesting that his exit from the congress could create an open revolt against his policies, Nigeria's first federal crises since their independence in 1960. |
| However, the Prime Minister now faces a bigger challenge than a rebellious Premier, but a growing force to the Left, specifically the Nigerian Revolutionary Frontier, set in the deep Northern forests. While politically aligned with the Southern Revolutionary Party, a non-revolutionary party, it poses a direct threat to the countries security, and with the emergence of united and secular socialism across the country, could ignite the flames for chaos and mass disruption if enough support is gathered. Balewa would hold discussions with the head of the Northern Federal Militia over increasing armed patrols within the northern tips of the country, sighting a potential uprising within the area. The NRF had been established following independence in November, 1960, with the combination of disillusioned military servicemen, socialist intellects and direct opposers to the Balewa administration, and had been structured around a balance of politics and military. While not a major problem now, if left untreated, could ignite a full-blown revolution..|
Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list][pre]March, 1961 | Queen Amanirenas International Airport, Dongola, Dongola Province, The Republic Of Sudan[/pre]
KHARTOUM VOWS SUPPORT FOR THE EXILED MOROCCAN MONARCHY[/list]
Upon Azheris return from his state visit with Moroccan President Al-Khatib, he had carried with him what the Security Intelligence and Response Agency (SIRA) would later label, as vital information to the unraveling situation in Morocco, the Azheri administration would therefore know about the ensuing civil war weeks before its outbreak as such intelligence was exchanged between the Sudanese and Moroccan executive. However, as a result of that meeting, Sudan had offered and indeed received the exiled King of Morocco to be granted asylum in the Republic of Sudan.
His Majestys arrival at Khartoum International Airport of course was rather sudden, for Sudanese intelligence did not anticipate Moroccos descent into civil unrest would occur at the speed that it has, prompting the King and his royal court to be checked in to Khartoums most prestigious Grand Hotel by Nile Street. As the situation in Morocco deteriorated further, the Presidency had scrambled to assess the situation in Casablanca as well as the situation of their Embassy, with the Azheri Administration focused on gathering intelligence and information on the warring factions in Morocco, the streets of the capital Khartoum and the roads leading to and around the Grand Hotel, would soon be swarmed with communist demonstrators and supporters who had engulfed the capital, in a show of solidarity to the Moroccan communist party and in protest against the Kings arrival and granted asylum to Sudan.
As communist youngsters and the Khartoum police department clashed on the streets, the Presidential cabinet determined the capital city was no longer safe for the Moroccan king, prompting the SIRA to covertly usher the monarch and his entourage away from the Hotel, and out on another plane headed towards Queen Amanirenas International Airport in Dongola, which used to be the ancient capital of many Nubian kingdoms. In the city befitting a royal and high-status life, the King would be granted a two-story villa all to himself by and the court, situated at the Sharif Al-Idrisi of Dongola situated south of Pont Bridge that crosses the Nile. As the King begins his new life in exile, the government in Khartoum has assured him that the Republic of Sudan was prepared to aid and supply monarchist forces currently fighting in his country, as President Azheri declares his countrys open support for the Moroccan Monarchy.
United And Free West African States
[list]AL-NASRU LENA!
AL-NASRU LE SUDAN![/list]
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT PACKAGE 61 - THE BUILDING OF A COMMON MARKET IN A REAL UNION
Proposal Regulation 6/1961 (year of proposal) - on freedom of movement for workers within the Community
Whereas freedom of movement for workers should be secured within the Community by the end of the transitional period at the latest ; whereas the attainment of this objective entails the abolition of any discrimination based on nationality between workers of the Member States as regards employment, remuneration and other conditions of work and employment, as well as the right of such workers to move freely within the Community in order to pursue activities as employed persons subject to any limitations justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health;
HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
PART I EMPLOYMENT AND WORKERS' FAMILIES
TITLE I Eligibility for employment
Article 1
1. Any national of a Member State, shall, irrespective of his place of residence, have the right to take up an activity as an employed person, and to pursue such activity, within the territory of another Member State in accordance with the provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action governing the employment of nationals of that State
2. He shall, in particular, have the right to take up available employment in the territory of another Member State with the same priority as nationals of that State..
TITLE II Employment and equality of treatment
Article 7
1. A worker who is a national of a Member State may not, in the territory of another Member State, be treated differently from national workers by reason of his nationality in respect of any conditions of employment and work, in particular as regards remuneration, dismissal, and should he become unemployed, reinstatement or re-employment;
2. He shall enjoy the same social and tax advantages as national workers.
Article 9
1. A worker who is a national of a Member State and who is employed in the territory of another Member State shall enjoy all the rights and benefits accorded to national workers in matters of housing, including ownership of the housing he needs.
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Bayern Kahla, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Nileia, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
MARCH,1961
Military Reshuffling:Standard Branches
______________________________________________
| While some would argue with president,Hadif that the military shouldn't be too priority at the moment,Hadif would always choose to argue that it is and he wants to change some stuff about the military,specifically in the branch he served in,the army.These changes he wanted to implement are for the defence of the nation against any other insurgency whether it be during his tenure or future presidency's. |
| The changes Hadif would implement are...
[List][I](i) Conscription Policy's.
- Anyone once reaching the age of 18 are to be enlisted for military service
- The enlistee gets to pick their branch of service
- There is a service time of only 2 years.After that they get to decide if they want to stay or get out of the military
- Women are not to be conscripted for military service
(ii) Agreements and Expectations.
- Upon finishing their 2 years of service,if they choose to leave they have to bring back their uniform,home.
- The military won't be providing a individual who already served their conscript period with a new uniform.Unless their old uniform is too torn to be used or they can no longer fit into their uniform.
- Upon times of crisis the military is allowed to drag retired military men under the age of 60 back into service.
- Soldiers are not allowed to take back their firearms,home.
(iii) Women Service
- As stated in (i),women are not allowed to be conscripted.But women are allowed to enlist for military service
- Women are expected to wear the same uniform as their male counterparts
- Women who have shown to be physically capable are allowed to join the non-medic corps
(iv) Uniform
- A individual who modified their uniforms to their personal taste are to be punished with disciplinary training
- If a uniform isn't clean after a week of it being dirty,the individual is to become a subject of disciplinary training
(v) Punishments For Violations
- If a person flees conscription,and is discovered they are given two choice either enlist for service or be thrown into a prison with a sentence of 1 year
- If a person chooses to flee away from military service while still being in service,once caught they will be thrown into prison with a 10 years sentence
[/I][/list]
| Hadif motives behind these changes are,to improve the nation security by having every male from this point forward being a military trained man and for those who choose to go against his desires (for a effective and disciplined military) to be severely punished.Hadif still has plans for the military but it will be for the nation's special units,with the intentions for them to become more efficient and higher quality soldiers. |
______________________________________________
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Nileia, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list][list][pre]R E P U B L I C O F C Y P R U S Κ Υ Π Ρ Ι Α Κ Ή Δ Η Μ Ο Κ Ρ Α Τ Ί Α K I B R I S C U M H U R İ Y E T İ[/pre][/list][/list]
[list][list][list]Η ΕΎΘΡΑΥΣΤΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΊΑ - KIRILGAN CUMHURİYET - THE FRAGILE REPUBLIC[/list][/list][/list]
[list][list][sub]GREEK AND TURKISH CYPRIOT FIGHTERS WREAK HAVOC ACROSS CYPRUS[/list]
[list][list]March, 1961[/sub][/list][/list]
Following Cyprus's rather unwanted independence on the 16th of August 1960, despite independence, chaos was still the order of the day in the fragile Republic of Cyprus. With Cyprus having a majority Greek Cypriot population, and a minor Turkish Cypriot population, the two ethnicities could no longer cooperate, largely due to the Enosis movement, and Turkish Nationalist desires to have control over the island. Greek Cypriot Fighters - the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters ( Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston/EOKA ), had been clawing for union or Enosis with the Kingdom of Greece ( Adriatican Islands ) ever since it's formation in 1955. On the other hand, the Turkish Cypriot Fighters - the Turkish Resistance Organization ( Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı/TMT ) had been formed to counter EOKA with the aid of the Republic of Turkey ( Turkiye 1St ). With the two groups now fighting against each other, the newly established Cypriot National Guard had struggled to combat the two groups as the two groups were funded and armed by nationalist movements in both Greece and Turkey. Cyprus was left diplomatically isolated, with joining either side now being more and more dangerous, especially since the British maintained their hold over the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Southern Cyprus.
The government was also in a state of shambles - with the President being Archbishop Makarios III, a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice President being Fazıl Küçük, a Turkish Cypriot. Most recent acts passed by the government had been in favor of Greek Cypriots, with most Greek Cypriot politicians believing that the Turkish Cypriots had "an extensive amount of rights" and that it should be limited. This further fueled escalation between EOKA and TMT, along with the attacks from the TMT specifically being intensified. Resistance against the pro-Greek Cypriot government had intensified, with mass demonstrations in Nicosia by the Turkish Cypriots and in the Turkish Cypriot enclaves.
This left the balance of power in Cyprus in an extremely fragile state, with neither Greece nor Turkey wanting full intervention on the island - feared foreign intervention, specifically from the United Kingdom. The government and the acts passed had rampant illegal impasses, with abused loopholes in the favor of either Greek Cypriot or Turkish Cypriot. The added pressure on the Cypriot Government by the EOKA and TMT, along with several other militant rebel groups had caused even more instability, with most questioning whether independence was the best choice. A rush to quickly buy arms to combat both the EOKA and TMT had been approved by the Cypriot Government, with most however questioning the legitimacy and integrity of those who held any future weapons that Cyprus may purchase - with a large possibility of bias against civilians by the National Guard. A choice had to be made quickly though, as the resistance movements, the TMT in particular were quickly gaining support across the minority Turkish Cypriot population, and to most, it was only a matter of time until the newly formed Republic of Cyprus may fall into total anarchy.
[spoiler=Note]Credits to New Provenance for the format.[/spoiler]
[list][list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler][/list][/list]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Nileia, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
Post self-deleted by Arcanda.
[list][list][sub]𝚅𝙸𝙸.1961[/sub]
[sub]ROMA, CITTÀ PORTUALE[/sub]
ROME BY THE SEA[/list]
[list][list][pre]From Rome to the EUR to Ostia,
Mussolini's vision comes true,
As Europe's largest construction site opens.
[/pre][/list][/list]
ROMA, REGNO D'ITALIA
[sub]Viale Vittorio Emanuele II, EUR
[nation=flag]Arcanda[/nation][/sub][/list]
[list]| TO THE EUR From the center of Rome, on the western bank of the Tiber, one would only need take a brand-new asphalt road under the scorching sun of July to escape an ancient city and enter modernity. After a thirty-minute car ride through some interwar residential districts and a few patches of forest and natural areas, there would suddenly be a virgin jungle of cranes, austere stone buildings, steel, glass and stone-skyscrapers in a more modern style, streetlights, large axially-planned avenues and open spaces of concrete where great agitation would reign and constant noise was heard: hoisting equipment, cement trucks, the sound of hammering, scaffolding, welding; the movement of painters, workers, architects, the tents where they would rest from the sun; something of a frontier. Besides the builders, there would also be the flow of the residents and workers of the partially-finished EUR, dominated by Fiat 500s and other small Italian cars and buses, ferrying to and fro civil servants and businessmen in tight dark suits, secretaries in skirts, the occasional tourist. Uniformed carabinieri handled the traffic with stiff arm movements, dust flew everywhere on windy days. The area, called Esposizione Universale Roma, shortened to EUR, has been under construction for more than twenty years. Plans were drawn under the Fascist era and the location selected by Mussolini himself for the ill-fated '42 International Exposition. The war and the post-war had interrupted the construction; but in 1950, it was continued, with Fascist buildings in the Littorio and Rational styles, built in limestone, tuff and marble seen to their completion and, of course, new additions in the modern and international styles Blending the former celebration of order and national unity with the modern one of international trade, finance and consumerism, the entire area rebranded to please the masses and accommodate their exponential growth. Architects had lent little thought to the continuation of a Mussolinian aesthetic; virtually no-one had objected to finishing Il Duce's vision Its meaning albeit slightly amended as it proved to be a highly strategic one to give Rome a wholly modern center for both government buildings, already envisioned under the original 1937 plans, and a new business center, surrounded by modern dwellings for residents. |
| The first building on the right after entering the EUR would be the Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana, or the "Square Giant", a metaphysical tower featuring four statues, celebrating Italian civilization, empty and only occasionally used to welcome conventions and exhibits. To the left would be the Palazzo INA, home to the Assicurazzioni Generali insurance company, an immense and stately building in a circular arc. Another landmark a few steps away is the austere Museum of Roman Civilization, and its tall, imposing arches, which was once meant to be a propaganda center for the P.N.F., now only used for the objective interpretation of History. In twenty minutes, one could also reach by foot various ministries, the national archives center, a few zones of limited greenery, cafeterias catering to government workers, and peripheral residential buildings. |
| Even further away from Rome, and towards the sea, along the Viale Vittorio Emanuele II, there would be the post-war part of the EUR, still under construction. Seen from far away would be the Palazzo dello Sport, a landmark of the Olympics held last year as the EUR's long-awaited reward for standing the test of time. Just as Mussolini had chosen among the best architects of his time, so has the new government. New skyscrapers are sprouting from the ground with each passing month; their most imposing representative is without a doubt the Palazzo ENI, first to be completed, to be inaugurated in the Fall, as the new seat of the powerful national oil company. The gigantic mass of glass and steel is crowned by the six-legged lion, emblem of the company; at 80 meters and 22 floors, it is the city's tallest building, dominating a small park and a lake to be used for recreational purposes. |
| TO THE SEA However, the EUR is but just one link in a series of projects meant to connect Rome to Ostia, a coastal city under Rome's authority, and a popular vacation spot also built entirely under the Fascist era. Using updated plans of Mussolini's unrealized ideal, Parliament has voted in May a package of laws, unofficially dubbed the Nuova Roma To be Europe's largest and costliest planned urban development to date, rivaled internationally by the much grander Brasilia. The multimillion-lire project is expected to eat up to 2% of Italy's GDP yearly until its completion, in 1966. Twenty kilometers, along the Viale Vittorio Emanuele II and the Tiber, will be wholly covered in roads, residential neighborhoods, large cinemas, stadia, racetracks, swimming pools, stores, and government and corporate offices. FIAT will open in 1964 its largest factory, 2,700,000 m² of assembly lines and testing grounds, supplanting its Mirafiori plant in Turin and meant to be the nerve center of production and distribution for Central and Southern Italy as well as the Mediterranean. ENI has also slated a new refinery, its second-largest, to open in 1963 with state-of-the-art technology enabling the production of nearly 300,000 barrels of oil per day. Bracco, Mappei and the ACNA, three important chemical companies, will also open smaller-scale plants. The port of Civitavecchia will be officially re-branded as the Port of Rome, and its 14 wharves will be nearly tripled to 38 by 1965. |
| The sheer, titanic scale of the project Testament to the unexpected economic boom so far enjoyed by the nation has been so far a success in at least one area, the reduction of unemployment to a "near zero", so to speak. Unemployed Southerners with little qualifications, unjustly pushed out of Northern cities due to a preference for Istrian exiles, have flocked to Rome and Ostia. The Fanfani cabinet has lauded the "accomplishment of the decade"; by naming the main road after the "Father of the Fatherland", King Vittorio Emanuele II, the government and the Monarchy are also seeking to solidify their legitimacy. No fewer than half of "New Rome"'s squares and avenues will be named after important figures of the Savoy Dynasty, relinquishing Republican-oriented or left-wing Partisans to obscurity. Among the public, the project has reached heights of popularity, lending a new air of non-bellicose national pride to Italians. Only sparsely, critics can be found Intellectuals, artists and environmentalists, lamenting the loss of many older landmarks along the way, and the seemingly unstoppable push of concrete everywhere. | [/list]
[list][list][pre]▌ R.A.I. Radiotelevisione italiana
[ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKM16NzOGJI ][/pre]
[list][list][spoiler=[sub]Commonwealth of Liberty
[/sub]EVVIVA L'ITALIA!
]
[nation]AbaBemba[/nation]
[nation]Adriatican Islands[/nation]
[nation]Alzarikstan[/nation]
[nation]Amsterwald[/nation]
[nation]Anglo Channel[/nation]
[nation]Arcanda[/nation]
[nation]Bayern Kahla[/nation]
[nation]Bescania[/nation]
[nation]Brazil Toucan[/nation]
[nation]Canovia[/nation]
[nation]Cascadla[/nation]
[nation]Central Arstotzka[/nation]
[nation]Connomia[/nation]
[nation]East Germany DDR[/nation]
[nation]Great Britain GB[/nation]
[nation]Greater Kurdistane[/nation]
[nation]Hashemite Kingdoms[/nation]
[nation]Hatzburg[/nation]
[nation]Honghai[/nation]
[nation]Israelli[/nation]
[nation]Kewtpuff[/nation]
[nation]Kotakuan II[/nation]
[nation]La Granadinas[/nation]
[nation]Ma-li[/nation]
[nation]Maziya[/nation]
[nation]Metropolitan Francais[/nation]
[nation]Moroavia[/nation]
[nation]Nevbrejnovitz[/nation]
[nation]New Provenance[/nation]
[nation]Nileia[/nation]
[nation]Nippon-Nihon[/nation]
[nation]Nonador[/nation]
[nation]Nosautempopulus[/nation]
[nation]OsivoII[/nation]
[nation]Paramountica[/nation]
[nation]Paseo[/nation]
[nation]Peking Zhongguo[/nation]
[nation]Pontianus[/nation]
[nation]Provenancia[/nation]
[nation]Ranponian[/nation]
[nation]Reyzen[/nation]
[nation]Rutannia[/nation]
[nation]Socialist Democratic Republic Romania[/nation]
[nation]Spainard[/nation]
[nation]Sri-Lanka[/nation]
[nation]Sudesam[/nation]
[nation]Taiiwan[/nation]
[nation]Teymour[/nation]
[nation]The Black Star-[/nation]
[nation]The Sun States[/nation]
[nation]Turkiye 1st[/nation]
[nation]Ubertica[/nation]
[nation]Vancouver Straits[/nation]
[nation]Victoria Harbor[/nation]
[nation]Vietnam SV[/nation]
[nation]Virnall[/nation]
[/spoiler][/list][/list]
Paramountica, Rutannia, European Union Eu, Bayern Kahla, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list][pre]March, 1961 | Gulu, Northern Province, The British Colony Of Kalenjin[/pre]
EMBERS OF REVOLUTION, MILTON OBOTE AND THE PEOPLES CONGRESS[/list]
The 40s and 50s for Africa was an era marked with fire and darkness, a time in which the continent had seen wave after wave of political activism, with different powers and factions fighting to liberate their respective homeland from the shackles of European colonial rule. This long March for the liberation of African states came with countless revolutions beginning as early as the 1920s, a series of European-made global wars, and the economic and political stagnation of the imperialist powers in control of the African colonies.
By the height of the 50s, nations like Zaire and Egypt were well on their way to progress and development, thank to their early independence, while nations like Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, and Morocco had found themselves struggling with their newfound independence. With the decolonization of Africa reaching full swing in the 60s, the French colonies disintegrated into new founded sovereign nations. With Frances imperial colossal coming to an apparent decline as it desperately clings onto Algeria, it had seemed that this march for freedom had stagnated on the other side on the continent, with the British East African colonies appearing as the last fortress of Europes rule on the vast and restless continent. Despite the rampant rebellion in Kenya and the independence of Rhodesia, the people of East Africa would just begin their journey towards nationhood, and with that, a new desire for freedom in the region would be exhibited most in The Kalenjin, where a new Nilotic national identity emerged from the separation of the former protectorate of Uganda.
With the colony now effectively separated from its Bantu neighbors in the Buganda Protectorate, the majority Nilotic colony had now found itself being fought over by two political factions, the colonial government led by Governor Sir Walter Coutts, representing a small minority of urban elites, white settlers, and South Asian workers brought over to Uganda during the railroad construction projects. The other faction was much more popular amongst the people as it was led by renowned political activist Milton Obote and his faction of educated natives known as the Ugandan Peoples Congress (UPC).
The UPC since its foundation in 1960, had worked tirelessly to ensure the unity of eastern Uganda as well as its development, working at times with Sudanese and British supporters to plan out a system of government that would best suit what chairman Obote envisioned as the Ugandan Republic. Of course, despite the name of Uganda having disappeared from official classifications following the partition of the colony between Buganda and Kalenjin, the UPC had aimed at returning the name of Uganda as the official name and identity of its people. And now with the people united in their firm desire for nationhood, Obote was now calling on those people to start demonstrations and publicly show their desire for independence by holding a march on the Main Street of the colonial capital in Gulu, inviting more revolutionaries and political activist Ugandans to join his unity congress party.
On the day of the march, as demonstrators occupied Main Street, prompting Milton Obote to address his followers from the balcony of the Palema Crown Hotel, where he would deliver to the crowds an official statement by the Peoples Congress, calling on Governor Coutts and the British colonial government to begin the inevitable process of decolonization, and allow for the Ugandan People to declare their rightful independence from the Empire.
[list]FOR GOD AND MY COUNTRY[/list]
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
MARCH,1961
A New Capital,For A New Era
______________________________________________
| With the construction of the new government building being in,Tutong Town.President Hadif would also move the nation capital to Tutong Town but not just that.Merge the Mukims of Pekan Tutong,Tanjong Maya,Lamunin and Ukong into Bandar Tutong the nation's new capital city. |
| The new capital will have put under direct administrative control of the national government,without having any influence by the Tutong Superior (the highest authority in the state besides the government) as the city will be separated from the rest of the Tutong state to become the Federal Territory of Bandar Tutong.But due to the creation of the capital city it has divided the Tutong district into three halfs one larger half down south from the city,a smaller half north west and a smaller half up north east.It will be decided that the larger half will be known as Rambai,the north east smaller half becoming Keriam and the north west smaller half become Telisai.The Tutong Superior would be renamed into the Rambai Superior and two other state superior positions would be made for the lesser halfs of former Tutong |
| However while the opening of a new capital will be a momentous occasion especially one so large that it takes up most of the former Tutong district,the Tutong district is very underdeveloped and requires a lot of investment to turn the capital city into a city worthy of being called the nation capital city. |
______________________________________________
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Stallandia
[list][list][sub]R E P U B L I C O F T U R K E Y T Ü R K Y E C U M H U R I Y E T I [/sub][/list][/list]
[list][list][sub]New Constitution Declared[/sub]
[sub]March, 1961[/sub][/list]
[list]|[sub]The slow transition of power begins![/sub]|[/list]
| Three months ago, the Menderes era was declared over, and a month after, the Yassada Trials sealed the fate of the old ruling administration, removing hundreds from their positions and sending the majority to prison. Following the Yassada Trials, the [National Unity Committee] stated its intention to draft a new and more democratic constitution that, unlike the 1924 constitution, guaranteed Turkish citizens human rights and liberties as its foundation. Despite broad public backing, many active political organizations and members of parliament remained uncertain, having been excluded from most of the [National Unity Committee's] crucial conversations and decisions, growing only skepticism. To amend the gap and maintain the political class's support, Cemal Madanolu, the head of the [National Unity Committee], invited several prominent political figures to lead the committee that would draft the country's new constitution. And over the course of two months, the [National Unity Committee], with the support of leading political parties, released copies of the new constitution it had drafted to the public and ordered a nationwide referendum to determine whether the people approved to the adoption of the new constitution. |
[list][sub] 1961 Turkish constitutional referendum[/sub][/list]
[list] -[/list]
[list] [Yes | 6,348,092 | 61.74%][/list]
[list] [No | 3,933,944 | 38.26%][/list]
| The Turkish people chose to embrace a new constitution, with 60% voting in favor. The republic is entering a new age as surveys for the upcoming general elections for parliament are already beginning. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan
[list][list]16 JULY 1945
[sub]Trinity at Los Alamos[/sub][/list]
[pre] O P P E N H E I M E R ¹ [/pre]
[list][sub][pre]The world is changing, reforming This is your moment.
How can this man, who knows so much, Be so blind?
The force from which the sun draws its power, Has been loose.
Maybe the most important man who ever lived
The man who moved the earth.[/pre][/sub][/list]
EXT. LOS ALAMOS NIGHT
[sub]MESA DESERT, NEW MEXICO, Paramountica[/sub]
| The night of the 15th of July those few who were able to sleep were suddenly awakened by an extraordinary noise, for at a pond nearest to the camp, all the frogs had gathered and in their copulation, squared all night long. As some of Los Alamos attempted to get some rest, OPPENHEIMER himself was wide awake |
[sub]MESS HALL, LOS ALAMOS PROJECT AREA CONTINIOUS[/sub]
[pre]░▒ 22:40 JULY 15th[/pre]
| OPPENHEIMER stood by himself at the base camp mess hall, alternating between gulping down paper cups of black coffee and rolling one cigarette to another, and smoking them nervously down to the butt . . . For a time, he read a copy of Baudelaire and also took the time to read poetry. The tin roof soon began to echo off the pitter patter of a somewhat intense downpour, and LIGHTING! flashes even startled some of the M.P.s nearby which made OPPENHEIMER chuckle, with their white stripped helmets and seemingly college fraternity appearances, then again in the height of war, no one was left out. As the flashes of lighting continued, ENRICO FERMI, creator of the worlds first nuclear creator, the Chicago Pile-1, and fellow Manhattan project physicists entered, with his fedora and overcoat soaked, causing OPPENHEIMER to turn and notice. |
[list]| ENRICO FERMI, [sub]A Fellow Physicist[/sub] | Oppie, you see this rain as well as I do?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I do, seems its even been put upon you Enrico.
| ENRICO FERMI, [sub]A Fellow Physicist[/sub] | Funny but no, this rain . . . all of it, think of it could mean for Trinity.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | In what form, I dont quite follow.
| ENRICO FERMI, [sub]A Fellow Physicist[/sub] | The storm, the rain, the winds! Think about what could happen to the entire site Drenched with radioactive rain . . . There could be a catastrophe.[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER just listened before responding, calmly. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Hubbard assures me that the storm will pass before sunrise. His recommendation is however, a postponement of the detonation hour from 0400 to 0500.
| ENRICO FERMI, [sub]A Fellow Physicist[/sub] | Then at least do that, Oppie, at least
| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | No![/list]
| FERMI turns to where the booming voice came from, it came from the pacing 63 Lt. GEN. GROVES, who was no doubt agitated and grumbled on. |
[list]| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | Hubbards obviously confused and badly rattled. Theres a reason why I brought my own.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I trust him, hes been this camps meteorologist from the get-go.[/list]
| GROVES turned to look at OPPENHEIMER. He didnt trust HUBBARD whatsoever, and clearly vigorously opposed any postponement, as he suddenly grabbed OPPENHEIMER by his arm, and pulled him aside and away from FERMI, worried that some of the more cautious scientists might proceed to arrive as the hours dragged on. |
[list]| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | You and I both know, we both know how vital this is. Everyone is exhausted, and any postponement would mean delaying for
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Another two or even three days, I know.
| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | Yes, and if that happens, where will we be then? Another reason to postpone?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I cant even begin to ponder what kind of
| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | Thats it.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Thats what?[/list]
| GROVES snapped at some M.Ps to prepare a jeep, for he, and OPPENHEIMER were going to the control center at South Shelter 10,000 yards from trinity, less than six miles from the Trinity site, as FERMI just stood there, flabbergasted. |
[pre]░▒ 02:30 JULY 16th[/pre]
SOUTH SHELTER, 10,000 YARDS FROM TRINITY NIGHT
[sub]MESA DESERT, NEW MEXICO, Paramountica[/sub]
| JACK HUBBARD and his small team of forecasters took measurements outside, their ties flapping in the wind, their glasses nearly covered with fog and faces of rain as the whole test site was still being SHAKEN by 30-mile-an-hour winds and serve thundershowers. |
[list]| JACK HUBBARD [sub]Site Meteorologist[/sub] | IT WILL STILL CLEAR BY 0500! IT WONT GO BEYOND 35 MILES AN HOUR ANYWAY![/list]
| HUBBARD shouted at the top of his lungs from the meteorologist observation tower, a small wooden lifeguard-looking tower close to South Shelter, as OPPENHEIMER heard and nodded, standing next to GROVES, as they paced the ground, glancing up at the skies every now and then to see if they themselves could glance finally at a break in the weather.
[pre]░▒ 03:00 JULY 16th[/pre]
| OPPENHEIMER and GROVES proceeded to enter the South Shelter around 3:00am, and with OPPENHEIMER seated there with his blue collared shirt and tie, smoking a cigarette, they chated. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | If we postpone, Ill never get my people up to pitch again.
| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | Another reason not to postpone, Robert, you know we cant.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | But Hubbard has a point, we need those clear skies.
| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | This is the most important thing to ever happen, possibly in the history of the world, and you want to delay it by an hour?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Not an hour, an hour and thirty minutes.
| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | 0530?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Yes, we should aim for exactly that, 0530 . . . thirty after the clouds break.[/list]
| GROVES huffs out, but he doesnt protest, and relents in, accepting the new timeframe. |
[list]| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | . . . I have to ask, because their postponement wishes irritate me so. I heard that once Trinity goes off, it could be unstoppable?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I dont think thats a thing that should concern you, General.
| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | Elaborate, Robert.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Well, both Szilard and Fermi, thats Leo and Enrico, whom you just saw, felt that we had a moment where the chain reaction to an atomic device might never stop.
| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | Are we saying theres a chance when we push that button . . . we destroy the world?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Chances are near zero.
| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | Near zero?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | What do you want from theory alone . . . ?
| Lt. GEN. GROVES [sub]U.S. Army Command[/sub] | Zero would be nice.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Our work here, will ensure peace mankind has never seen. Thats worth being okay with near zero.[/list]
| By 0430, the night skies seemingly began to clear, and HUBBARDs predictions were correct. |
[pre]░▒ 05:10 JULY 16th[/pre]
20-MILE RADIUS FROM THE TOWER, TRINITY SITE BEFORE DAWN
[sub]MESA DESERT, NEW MEXICO, Paramountica[/sub]
| Across Los Alamos, the voice of Chicago physicist SAM ALLISON boomed across the loudspeakers outside of the control center. |
[list]| SAM ALLISON, [sub](VOCAL SPEAKERSYSTEM)[/sub] | . . . It is now Zero minus Twenty minutes . . .[/list]
| RICHARD FEYNMAN, a fellow physicist on the Manhattan project stood around 20-miles from the Trinity site when an American solider handed him a pair of dark glasses. He figured however that he wouldnt be able to see a single thing from those dark glasses, and opted to climb into the cab of a military truck facing Trinity. The trucks windshield would be able to shield his eyes from the harmful ultraviolet rays, and he would, by his own estimations, be able to see the flash . . . Others however, opted for the dark glasses. BOB SERBER, also 20-miles away, was lying face down and holding a piece of welders glass to his eyes, facing Trinity too JOE HIRSHFELDER, the chemist tasked with measuring the radioactive fallout from the explosion was at said radius as well. |
SOUTH SHELTER, 10,000 YARDS FROM TRINITY NIGHT
[sub]MESA DESERT, NEW MEXICO, Paramountica[/sub]
| It was the Control Center, and inside that Control Center, a dimly lit shelter nestled amidst the desolate expanse of the New Mexican desert, OPPENHEIMER stood next to KENNETH BAINBRIDGE, director of the Trinity nuclear test, and LT. General GROVES. The three men stood anxiously, as BAINBRIDGE ran through the series of final test checks for the Gadget, only 10,000 yards from where they stood. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Are we nearly there, Ken?
| KENNETH BAINBRIDGE, [sub]Trinity Test Director[/sub] | . . . Detonators charged. All systems for ground zero are set and ready.[/list]
| OPPENHEIMERs younger brother, also a physicist, FRANK OPPENHEIMER, opened the enforced door to the shelter, walking in and panted out. |
[list]| FRANK OPPENHEIMER, [sub]A Fellow Physicist[/sub] | Oppie, hows it looking?[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER remained focused however, as GROVES was the only one to turn and glance at FRANK. The room, once alive with murmurs and soft whispers settled down as the countdown reached t-minus five minutes. . . . and with that, OPPENHEIMER hurriedly walked out of the bunker with FRANK close behind, before the two found a patch where the two brothers proceeded to lay face down, just outside of the control bunker, and situated only 10,000 yards south of ground zero. |
[list]| SAM ALLISON, [sub](VOCAL SPEAKERSYSTEM)[/sub] | . . . T-minus two minutes . . .
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Lord, these affairs are hard on the heart.[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER mutters, with the two, just like GROVES and BAINBRIDGE, wearing dark-tinted goggle glasses, and all facing ground zero. There were a row of lights guiding all the way to the tower, and a spotlight as well, as there soon came upon the entire trinity test camp and all of Los Alamos, a hushed science that enclosed the night. |
[pre]░▒ 05:29 JULY 16th TRINITY TEST[/pre]
| And finally, a TREMENDOUS flash lit the horizon, with a bright BEAMING white light that changed to yellow and then orange, a massive orange-tinted sphere growing and rising from the desert surface, and the center . . . becoming so bright that as the bright sphere rose, and billowed, the IMMENSE heat waved across the entire radius of the tower and an utter silence . . . |
[list][list][pre]For the first minute and a half[/pre][/list][/list]
| Following the terrific orange beaming sphere, came an ENORMOUS bang, that echoed from the center of ground zero that swept across the desert ground as the bright orange sphere TORE through the dark curtains of the night with such an immense daylight-appearance, and furthermore at 8430°K, the test explosion stood at about 1.5 times hotter than the surface temperature of the sun. It came to everyone all of a sudden, NIGHT turned to DAY and the chill of the July mesa night turned rapidly to a warmth, and the fireball engulfed the sky . . . and the ORANGE began to turn to RED. |
[list][list][pre]If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one.[/pre][/list][/list]
| The rumble from Ground Zero echoed and reverberated all the way to the 20-mile mark, and past it as well as BOB SERBER, who watched from the distance, felt that with his arm growing tired, set his arm down at the exact MOMENT when the explosion occurred, and was blinded for around 30 seconds until his sight returned . . . he saw billowing from the Trinity site, a bright VIOLET column rising to 20,000 or 30,000 feet into the air, and the same heat that waved across in all directions, upon his face as well. |
[list][list][pre]Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.[/pre][/list][/list]
| Darkness soon came upon the sky as the white, then yellow, then orange, and finally red fireball sphere engulfed and rapidly climbed, plunging the world back into darkness . . . for around five seconds until, that same VIOLET column rose, with a purple glow giving the display of an aurora borealis . . . in awe, the Manhattan Project physicists and American soldiers watched as the blast wave picked up chunks of desert soil waved over the entire camp to an utter and final silence At 05:29:21 MWT (11:29:21 GMT) ± 15 seconds, the device exploded with an energy equivalent to 24.8 ± 2 kilotons of TNT (103.8 ± 8.4 TJ) . . . The desert sand, largely made of silica, melted and became a mildly radioactive light green glass, which was named trinitite. The explosion created a crater approximately 4.7 feet (1.4 m) deep and 88 yards (80 m) wide. The radius of the trinitite layer was approximately 330 yards (300 m) |
[list][sub]ISIDOR ISAAC RABI, a Polish-born Jew turned American citizen and close friend of OPPENHEIMER caught a glimpse of OPPENHEIMER from a distance as he returned back to base camp, stepping out of an automobile Ill never forget his walk; Ill never forget the way he stepped out of the car . . . his walk was like High Noon . . . this kind of sturt. He had done it.[/sub][/list]
____________
[sub]¹ A Series: OPPENHEIMER, the agony and humiliation that he was to endure in 1954 was not unique during the era of McCarthy. He was Americas Prometheus, the father of the Atomic Bomb, and lesser-known but more impactful as the father of modern American psychics.[/sub]
Rutannia, Arcanda, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Nileia, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list][list][sub]𝙸𝚇.1961[/sub]
[sub]L'IMPERO[/sub]
THE EMPIRE[/list]
[list][list][pre]ENI:
A modern oil colossus, Italy's most prized company.
Enrico Mattei, its outspoken Chairman,
And a new deal to distribute oil across the Alps.
[/pre][/list][/list]
ROMA, REGNO D'ITALIA
[sub]Palazzo ENI, Viale Vittorio Emanuele II, EUR
[nation=flag]Arcanda[/nation][/sub][/list]
[list]| THE CAPITAL OF THE OIL EMPIRE The Palazzo ENI, 80-meters tall and twenty-two floors of glass and steel, built in the International style, towers over the EUR and the soon-to-be-built Nuova Roma Lavishly inaugurated with a ballet of limousines carrying businessmen and statesmen, elegant wives with their hair done up in extravagant "beehive" styles and men sporting polished shoes and tuxedoes, soon to fill their cups with champagne at the very top of the building, whose interior is designed in sleek, rounded shapes of chrome and plastic; the latest Olivetti typewriters adorn its desks, and not one particle of dust or misplaced article can be found. When came midnight on September 25th, the building's twenty-two stories suddenly lit up in a choreography of lights: A glowing, 80-meters tall "ENI" sign formed by lights in individual stories projected its glow over the sleepy construction sites and the recreational lake just below, for the guests to see. The ruling monarch of this empire, one Enrico Mattei, hair slicked back, toasted to the rinascità, for the news called him the "man of the renaissance". |
| Indeed, less than a decade ago, the Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi was born from the ashes of Agip, now repurposed as ENI's retailer Selling gasoline, lubricants and bitumen from a network of artfully-designed gas stations across the nation. Right after its creation, a deftly-negotiated deal with the now-UAR enabled it to be granted exploration and exploitation rights to Libya and Egypt through a joint venture; Libya in particular had been a genuine golden egg hen for the company, and this despite the pioneering "50-50" agreement signed with Egyptian authorities. Two years later, a similar deal was signed with Ethiopia. Such a stable and plentiful source had played a large part in Italy's successful recovery; indeed, cheap oil and rising revenues, particularly for the nascent middle-class, had also benefited the auto industry, such as FIAT, and a myriad of sub-contractors around the tire and leather businesses. |
| THE EMPEROR Enrico Mattei, ENI's chairman, aged 55, was born in Marche to a carabinieri father, with five brothers. A humble tannery worker, his skills were soon recognized, and he advanced into chemistry. Joining the P.N.F. in the interwar period, he later aligned with the Democrazia Cristiana during the war, helping overthrow the Mussolinian regime and quickly being noticed for his rigor and organization. The friends he made at that time, it is said, would later help him take control of the ENI and win a Senate seat in Rome Which he still keeps to this day, in addition to two newspapers and information agencies, owned by the company. He is known as a humble man who reveals little about himself, and shies away from personal excesses. This, in part, means that the public knows little about him, but also holds him in high regard. While Nuova Roma is the expression of a newfound national confidence, it can be assumed that Mattei is the incarnation of that new spirit An entrepreneur, a politician, an airman all at once. In contrast to his secret private life, he is known for his assumed personal political views. No later than last year, he would disclose to a national newspaper: "The brave mujahideen of the F.L.N. were rightly fighting colonial injustice; France [sup][nation=short]Metropolitan Francais[/nation][/sup] should hasten its departure from the African continent and end the bloodshed." Even if the conflict has now ended. In a similar manner, he has often made it known that he favors what is now called the "Third World", insisting that his company is not out to exploit those countries for their oil, but rather to form equal partnerships in mutual respect. |
| CROSSING THE ALPS Beyond his personal accomplishments, beyond the inauguration of a brand-new seat, the celebration of his influence and the health of the company, there was much more to celebrate. Like Hannibal before him, Enrico Mattei had successfully "crossed the Alps". Not in his brand-new MS.760 jetplane, a three-seat trainer aircraft that he uses for quick personal transport, but more metaphorically. The Transalpine Pipeline, not be to completed until 1967 After feasability studies, for which the pioneering US [sup][nation=short]Paramountica[/nation][/sup] firm Bechtel has been contracted will reach 800 kilometers, with a maximum yearly discharge of 48 million tons. Stretching from Genoa, it will reach Munich, Bavaria [sup][nation=short]New Provenance[/nation][/sup], in order to supply the roaring West German automobile industry. In a historical first, it will cross Slovenia [sup][nation=short]Amsterwald[/nation][/sup], through Videm [Udine] and Lenče [Lienz] on its way to Alpenland [sup][nation=short]Cascadla[/nation][/sup], and finally to Bavaria; both countries it traverses will also benefit from the crude oil. While ENI will build and operate the pipeline through the Transalpine Pipeline Company, maintenance will be up to the different nations it crosses and their oil companies. In all three countries, the oil will arrive unrefined for company clients. However, Agip, ENI's retailer aimed at civilians and personal buyers, will expand in all three in the sales of refined oil and lubricants at roadside gas stations, albeit on different terms. In Slovenia, Agip Slovenija will be a joint venture equally owned by ENI and Slovenopetrol. Agip Alpenland will operate independently and wholly owned by ENI, while adopting a non-aggressive stance towards other local actors. In Germany, Agip Deutschland will also be wholly owned by ENI. All in all, the Transalpine Pipeline is set to be a European milestone in terms of commerce among allies and neighbors; it will also be an economic boon of titanic proportions for all involved, streamlining the process of distribution for cheaper oil The Transalpine route being more efficient than shipping oil to Hamburg. The costs will however be heavy to bear: $192 million, shouldered by a consortium of 83 banks, making it the largest private investment of the decade. Keen to keep a good image, Enrico Mattei has sent personal gifts and notes to all of his interlocutors in the aforementioned countries. As the construction process goes underway this decade, he also plans on making personal visits with ministers and local administrators to hear any complaints and smooth over differences. On this, he had only one thing to say at the inauguration of the Palazzo, from his office adorned with Slovene, Alpen and German flags for the occasion: "I am personally very happy to see such a dream come true. The people I work with are all my friends, regardless of nationality." | [/list]
[list][list][pre]▌ R.A.I. Radiotelevisione italiana
An ENI project soon to be adopted throughout Italy, the "American model" of motel, restaurant and filling station all in one place.
[ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnErtUqwNLs ][/pre]
[list][list][spoiler=[sub]Commonwealth of Liberty
[/sub]EVVIVA L'ITALIA!
]
[nation]AbaBemba[/nation]
[nation]Adriatican Islands[/nation]
[nation]Alzarikstan[/nation]
[nation]Amsterwald[/nation]
[nation]Anglo Channel[/nation]
[nation]Arcanda[/nation]
[nation]Bayern Kahla[/nation]
[nation]Bescania[/nation]
[nation]Brazil Toucan[/nation]
[nation]Canovia[/nation]
[nation]Cascadla[/nation]
[nation]Central Arstotzka[/nation]
[nation]Connomia[/nation]
[nation]East Germany DDR[/nation]
[nation]Great Britain GB[/nation]
[nation]Greater Kurdistane[/nation]
[nation]Hashemite Kingdoms[/nation]
[nation]Hatzburg[/nation]
[nation]Honghai[/nation]
[nation]Israelli[/nation]
[nation]Kewtpuff[/nation]
[nation]Kotakuan II[/nation]
[nation]La Granadinas[/nation]
[nation]Ma-li[/nation]
[nation]Maziya[/nation]
[nation]Metropolitan Francais[/nation]
[nation]Moroavia[/nation]
[nation]Nevbrejnovitz[/nation]
[nation]New Provenance[/nation]
[nation]Nileia[/nation]
[nation]Nippon-Nihon[/nation]
[nation]Nonador[/nation]
[nation]Nosautempopulus[/nation]
[nation]OsivoII[/nation]
[nation]Paramountica[/nation]
[nation]Paseo[/nation]
[nation]Peking Zhongguo[/nation]
[nation]Pontianus[/nation]
[nation]Provenancia[/nation]
[nation]Ranponian[/nation]
[nation]Reyzen[/nation]
[nation]Rutannia[/nation]
[nation]Socialist Democratic Republic Romania[/nation]
[nation]Spainard[/nation]
[nation]Sri-Lanka[/nation]
[nation]Sudesam[/nation]
[nation]Taiiwan[/nation]
[nation]Teymour[/nation]
[nation]The Black Star-[/nation]
[nation]The Sun States[/nation]
[nation]Turkiye 1st[/nation]
[nation]Ubertica[/nation]
[nation]Vancouver Straits[/nation]
[nation]Victoria Harbor[/nation]
[nation]Vietnam SV[/nation]
[nation]Virnall[/nation]
[/spoiler][/list][/list]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Maziya, Turkiye 1St
[list][list]APRIL 1961
[sub]Two Mothers[/sub][/list]
[pre] O R D E M E P R O G R E S S O [/pre]
[list][sub][pre]Hail, precious banner of hope!
Hail, august symbol of peace!
Thy noble presence to our minds
The greatness of our motherland does bring.[/pre][/sub][/list]
PLANALTO PALACE
[sub]BRASÍLIA, FEDERAL DISTRICT, Brazil Toucan MORNINGTIME[/sub]
| In Brazils center of the executive branch, Brazilian President SARAH KUBITSCHEK walks alongside two ministers, her Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Women AFONSO ARINOS DE MELO FRANCO and TEREZA DELTA. SARAH had in her hands some sheets of paper about her trip to Zaire. It will be the first time that Brazil will initiate diplomatic relations with Zaire, no Brazilian leader has done this before, SARAH will be the first to do so. Prior to her historic trip to Zaire, President SARAH held a brief press conference and then greeted several ambassadors, including the U.S. Ambassador to Brazil, in which she spoke of her intention to meet with Kennedy. After many handshakes, SARAH heads to Brasília Airport, where she is greeted by a crowd of enthusiastic women and one of them hands SARAH a bouquet of roses, she waves to everyone, before boarding the plane. |
[list]| SARAH KUBITSCHEK, [sub]President of the Republic[/sub] | Im so excited to meet Africas greatest leader.[/list]
| At the airport in the modern and bustling Zairean capital, the Brazilian President was welcomed by Zaires Matriarch GLORIA BANZA. Then the two women head to their cars, where a crowd waves to them and journalists take pictures. After finishing lunch, SARAH and GLORIA had a meeting with Zaires First Representative CELINI MERKAZI, where the creation of embassies in the two capitals and the expansion of trade between the two nations were discussed. SARAH also decided to go to local luxury clothing stores as well as jewelry stores. She would go to dinner in expensive jewelry and a $28,000 dress. Brazils chef also met with Zairean workers and gave a brief speech alongside an interpreter. At night, she attended a dinner party and there was a lot of handshaking and dancing. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Maziya, Turkiye 1St
[list]February 1959
[sub]Historical[/sub][/list]
[list][list] THE END OF AN OCCUPATION
ENDE EINER BESETZUNG
FIN D'UNE OCCUPATION
FINE DI UN'OCCUPAZIONE
[/list][/list]
VIENNA
[sub]ALPENLAND, THE ALPINE REPUBLIC[/sub]
| As the sun would begin to rise over the city of Vienna, a soft golden glow would be cast upon the war-torn streets. It would be a warm summer in 1945, and the citizens of Austria would have just emerged from the dark shadow of World War II. The city would still bear the scars of the conflict; buildings shattered and remnants of bombs littering the cobblestone streets. Yet, amidst the destruction, a glimmer of hope would emerge. In the heart of Vienna's Heldenplatz, the same square where, 7 years prior, Hitler himself had announced the Anschluss from a balcony, the wartime German banner that had long dominated the square now lay tattered on the ground. |
| As the days would turn into weeks, Soviet troops would occupy the streets of Vienna. Their arrival would initially fill the city with mixed emotions - relief that the war would be over, but also uncertainty about the future. The soldiers clad in their olive-green uniforms would patrol the streets with stern faces of authority. With the Germans surrender, Vienna and Austria as a whole would be split among the Allies. Their delegations had agreed that Austria had been the first victim of Germany, not its accomplice in the war, however, this political decision would prove not to be entirely accurate. |
| The Kremlins initial plan to subject Austria to war reparations like those on Germany, Romania, and Hungary would fall through because of its victim status, however, the Western Allies would consent to Moscows demand that the Soviets be entitled to German assets in their own zone. Moscow though would consider German property to be all property that had German owners or investors by the end of the war, both military and civilian. To achieve this massive repossession, they would deploy the NKVD, the Soviet secret police, to seize industrial buildings and confiscate goods from stores. As for the people, nearly 3,000 would be arrested by the NKVD. Around 200 of them would turn out to be high-ranking members of the wartime German forces, some native and others having fled from the north, and would be executed for their war crimes. Many Austrians had obviously been complicit in the previous regime, and the secret police would arrest thousands of them, but it would prove difficult to prosecute what were now everyday citizens. The Kremlins new shift in propaganda pushed on their troops would only further normalization: Germans should be punished, but Austrians should be respected. Many of the others rounded up by the Soviet secret police had been common soldiers or only involved in everyday criminal activity due to the poor conditions after the war such as theft, vandalism, or selling bad alcohol to Red Army. Some would be prosecuted, others let go, but many would stay locked up for years without a trial. |
| The Western Allies would take a different approach. First, it would be the British who would almost immediately begin training locals as troops for an Austrian guard. The Americans would follow. By 1950, almost half of the soldiers in the British, American, and French zones would be Austrian, a contrast with the still highly-militarized, foreign force of the Soviets. Vienna Airport, once a manufacturing powerhouse for the Axis experimental jet aircraft, now would be a base for the Royal Air Force. Over a hundred new pilots trained for the Austrian Air Force would walk off of the flight line over the next decade. This haste to begin rebuilding a society whose previous government had been allied with wartime Germany would leave some stones unturned. Many would try to hide their association with the past regime. Those who would be found out would be denied their chance in the new guard, but with the right skills and enough reassurance, a recruit could convince Allied leaders to turn a blind eye to his past. This huge push by the Western Allies had been an attempt to combat Soviet hopes of creating yet another post-war communist government in central Europe. It would pay off. Although they would not succeed at rebuilding an Austrian state as they had once intended, they would get a satisfactory compromise. |
| In September of 1958, Alpenland would officially be formed, resolving the Allies justification for an occupation. The involved parties would choose a date four months in the future by which no more occupation forces should be present. For the remainder of the year, Vienna would be buzzing with activity. American trucks would ferry troops to NATO sites in Slovenia, British jets would relocate from Vienna Airport to West Germany, and Soviet trains bound for Bratislava would carry aging tanks back towards the East. Alpine officials would take to the streets after them, removing symbols from the occupation. Gone were the hammer and sickle ornaments on public building doorways and the stars and stripes waving at the front of avenue trams. In their place, an Alpine cross; the new national symbol of unity and independence. All the while, the Swiss Army and Austrian guard set up by the Allies would increase their presence to fill the role of the occupiers. After all, the cities of Austria would still be rebuilding, and much progress would still be yet to be achieved. Finally, the day in February of 1959 would come when the culmination of a decade and a half of occupation would grow near. Vienna's Heldenplatz once again would become the stage for a momentous event. The last Allied troops had gathered there, prepared for a ceremonious changing of the guard. At the top of the staircase leading up to the palace, Soviet, British, American, and French officers would gladly stand side by side. They would cross their arms over each other to shake hands for a photo. With a swift end to the prolonged occupation, the Allied officers would turn towards the freshly trained troops of Alpenland's first battalion. The torch of responsibility would now be firmly in Alpine hands. |
[spoiler=THE WORLD TAKES NOTE . . .
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Rutannia, Arcanda, European Union Eu, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list]April 1961
[sub]Seeking Breakthrough[/sub][/list]
[pre]E I N I G K E I T U N D R E C H T U N D F R E I H E I T[/pre]
ELECTION APPROACHES
[sub]BONN, THE FEDERAL CAPITAL, New Provenance - AFTERNOON[/sub]
| The 1961 election period is in full swing in Germany, as the various parties begin their nationwide campaigns, seeking a major breakthrough that will, hopefully, benefit them at the polls. The governing center-right CDU/CSU party (in a coalition with the fiscally conservative FDP), led by Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger and Bundesprasident Konrad Adenauer, are expected to defend their coalition government after they came one seat short of a full legislative majority in the Bundestag in the 1957 election four years ago. The opposition parties, composed of the center-left Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the center-right German Democratic Party (DPD), are aiming to take advantage of a stagnating economy that has seen neither growth nor decline in recent years to secure electoral advances that, hopefully, will allow for a change in government. The Christian Democratic Union has been in power since the Federal Republic was first formed in 1961, and many pundits consider this coming federal election as the most competitive since 1949 - when the victor came only 3% ahead of the second-placer party. |
| Current election polling indicates a competitive election, with current aggregate polling as follows: |
[list][pre]AGGREGATE POLLING AS OF 19 APRIL 1961 - GERMAN FEDERAL ELECTION
Kurt Georg Kiesinger - Christian Democratic Union - 43%
Willy Brandt - Social Democratic Party - 40%
Reinhold Meier - German Democratic Party - 9%
Erich Mende - Free Democratic Party - 4%
Independent candidates - 4%[/pre][/list]
| The CDU/CSU had not been in such a weak position since the 1949 federal election almost 11 years ago. The Social Democrats, meanwhile, led by their charismatic frontman and West Berlin Mayor, Willy Brandt, were on track to potentially secure a legislative plurality in the German Bundestag if things went particularly well for them. Perhaps most glaring in these polls is the severe weakness of the Free Democratic Party, the CDU's coalition partner, which has been led by Erich Mende since 1960. The party secured only 6.5% of the vote in the 1957 election, and has been on a downward spiral electorally since its strongest performance of 15% in the 1949 election. Many attribute it to Mende's extremely moderate leadership, but nonetheless, the party is now polling at its worst, with only 4% of voters selecting the "free market party". The FDP's usual third-party position in German politics has been replaced by the German Democratic Party (DPD), the center-right alternative to the CDU that has played on dissatisfaction with the "establishment". The party switched hands from Joseph Gartner to long-time diplomat and statesman Reinhold Meier, who possesses extraordinarily high personal approval ratings. Independent candidates combined take the lowest spot, tied with the FDP for 4% of the vote. |
| The SPD's electoral strategy is to simply continue on their path of aligning and speaking with voters up close, which so far is bringing it positive trends in the polls. The DPD, aiming for its strongest performance yet, has dispatched Meier to lead a national operation to consolidate the party on the state level and to appeal to voters dissatisfied with the CDU/CSU-FDP coalition in recent years. Mende's FDP has sought to re-establish itself with party reorganization, but its strong economic rhetoric has been undermined by an economy that is neither growing nor weakening. It is the Christian Democrats who are seeking an electoral strategy, especially considering that this will be their first election without the formidable Konrad Adenauer at the top of the ballot. Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger is largely approved, with a net job approval of 4 percentage points, but he faces concerns about his performance, and more crucially, his history. |
| While largely a quiet issue that was dealt with privately, Kiesinger emerged as the victor of the CDU leadership race with controversy surrounding him. It was publicized that he partook in Volkist affairs during the war, and was a military servicemember during the time. In today's Germany, practically all voters universally disavow the regime of the thirties and have committed to demcoracy, so Kiesinger's history does not exactly work in his favor. A poll of voters, however, indicate that 44% do not believe his history will affect their vote, while 39% say it will - a small but substantial number nonetheless. |
| On the electoral stage, Kiesinger will have to contend with the charismatic Brandt by strengthening his record and performance as Chancellor. Several efforts to this extent - such as through the Bonn-Dortmund Corridor and other infrastructure programs - have already been made, but some analysts are skeptical as to whether this will be enough to carry the Chancellor and his party over the line in the coming election. Kiesinger presently is spearheading a legislative effort to advance German advanced sciences studies by expanding government scholarship programs and developing the country's universities and high schools, as well as formally establishing Germany's own national space program, but it is unsure whether he will be able to pass the package in time for it to have an effect on the CDU's electoral prospects. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan
[list]1961년 4월 24일
[sub]The First Five Year Plan[/sub][/list]
[list][sub]Government Announce First Five Year Plan[/sub][/list]
[sub]SEOUL, Rutannia MORNING[/sub]
| It had become one of the most talked about elements of the campaign trail, the New Democrats and the National Party had heavily leaned on their alleged five year plan to revitalise the Korean economy and jump-start the process to becoming a developed nation like many of its neighbours. Prime Minister Park Chung-hee and Finance Minister Chang Myon had been working closely since entering government to develop the first of what many believe are several five-year plans, should they hold onto power. On April 21st the government announced it would publish and outline its first plan on the 24th in several days' time. Many business owners, industrial experts and economic academics had been invited to attend the event in which Chang would outline the plan in a speech. |
| Minister Chang outlined the flaws in Koreas economic situation which he landed on the shoulders of former President Rhee who he claimed had swindled most of the foreign aid that Korea had received since 1945 and in particular after the Korean War. He announced the government would produce clear and transparent reports on where exactly foreign aid was being directed and whom it was from. Chang stated that the first five year plan was not one that would produce rapid economic growth but would be the cornerstone on which Koreas economy would be built, he outlined the following elements of the plan; |[list]
[*] Korea will expand its current energy sector and electrical output, particularly focusing on the coal industry, which is vital to the economy of northern Korea. Chang named the Jiktong coal mine and Kyongwon County in particular as areas that would see large investments in infrastructure to help improve the efficiency of mining and increase transportation links in the area. He also made reference to new explorations to locate new coal deposits in the country. Chang also made reference to opening up the possibility of kick-starting the oil refinery industry in Kaesong, although the country lacks any known oil deposits he said it was important that the country looks to the models seen in Japan and China doing the hard work for the West and taking a slice of the profits.
[*] Chang will work with the Ministry of Agriculture to help the continued development of the agricultural sector in order for Korea to become less reliant on food imports and alluded to the development of basic industries such as chemical fertiliser promoting further the concept of moving towards an export focused economy. He also outlined his desire to take advantage of new technologies to help improve agricultural efficiency and output, a key theme throughout the speech.
[*] Another key section of the speech was the money set aside for massive infrastructure projects across the country, that would largely be focused on connectivity and transport. Chang stated that a connected country is a wealthy country, slashing travel times across all sectors of the economy would lead to massive improvements in productivity and also be beneficial for all Koreans. Outlining investment in the Port of Busan, Incheon and in particular Donghae due to sea floor depths and improving the country ready for a shift to exports.
[*] Lastly Chang outlined a focus on what he described as basic industries, focusing in particular on cement, oil refinery, iron, and steel. Believing that the demand for cement would be self-fulfilling due to the massive transport expansions outlined, Chang announced that the country would continue the exploration of the reserves of iron located in the north of the country and like with the coal industry look to improve its efficiency and look to move to export it in the future. [/list]
| As Chang finished his speech hed be met with a standing applause from the delegates gathered, and a smiling Prime Minister standing in the wings of the stage would join the Minister on stage to add his own little piece regarding the plan. |[list]
[sub]Park Chung Hee: As Korea looks to the future under the economic guidance of Minister Chang we must also have a keen focus on developing and diversifying Koreas education system with a particular focus on technology and science and it is something I am closely working with the education department on. Although we are pushing hard on the economy, this does not mean that employers can treat employees as cattle, we must look to treat employees like family, economic output does not come at the expense of happiness. A happy employee is a productive employee, a productive employee will put more back into the economy than an unhappy one.[/sub][/list]
| Many experts agreed with the government's own analysis that while the plan would not kick-start immediate long-term growth it would utilise the educated population that President Rhee had left behind, and bring Korea into line with much of the western world. The plan would be costly and largely rely on foreign aid from predominantly the west, but in the long term it had the potential to be self-sufficient and bring a period of growth and modernization in preparation for long-term economic success that Chang states would become clear during the second five year plan. Privately, while the main goals of the government is to bring about economic success, it has been said that Parks main ambition is to eliminate poverty claiming that poverty can make a country vulnerable to strongmen like President Rhee. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Arcanda, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan
[list][pre]T H E K I N G D O M O F S I K H I M འ བྲ ས་ ལྗོ ང ས[/pre][/list]
PALDEN THONDUP NAMGYAL SEES EXPANDED ROLESRECENT MANEUVERS ASCRIBED TO HIS INFLUENCE
[list][sup]HE, THE SECOND SON
MAY 1961[/sup][/list]
The so-called Delhi Decree was a surprisingly bold political maneuver for the thin, introverted 67-year-old Chogyal (king) Tashi Namgyal, opinionated though he may be. Despite his career as a noted reformer, the displacement of the countrys largest minority group was set to cause considerable logistical obstacles throughout the coming years; even in spite of the necessity of the maneuver, it was a drastic measure taken in the defense of his indigenous culture only possible with the goodwill of Mahātmā Gandhi. Some in the upper echelons of Sikhimese society fast suspected that there was a greater force at play than the aging King: Crown Prince Palden Thondup Namgyal, the second son of the Chogyal and the heir apparent to the throne. Indeed, Tashis younger child had been poised to take up his fathers mantle for years; eldest Namgyal sons were famously troubled. The predecessor of Tashi himself had been his eldest brother Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal, who died at 35 under mysterious circumstances. Thondup, said to be the reincarnation of Sidkeong, carried that burden heavily. Thondups own eldest brother, Crown Prince Paljor Namgyal, perished in a training accident while serving in the Indian Air Force in 1941. With all of this on his shoulders, Thondups thoughts often turned to his own eldest son, the 9-year-old Tenzing Kunzang Jigme Namgyal¹but with a nation straddling the Sino-Indian brink, there was no time to falter. With Paljor dead, Thondup was faced with a nation to rule.
Thondup had gained considerable training for this task. Tashi scarcely appeared in public without him by his side; he was a frequent guest and observer at Parliament meetings. After the death of his wifeSamyo Kushoe Sangidekiin 1957, Thondup went on a brief sabbatical to pursue his youths dream of studying at Cambridge, taking his two children and a royal entourage with him. Now back in Sikhim after obtaining a Bachelors Degree in Political Sciencean adjustment from his original aspiration to study practical sciencethe once shy, timorous Thondup seemed to have been emboldened by his education and position, and had grown into his own force. Though still thoughtful and reserved, he made no shortage of appearances at public functions and continued serving as a close advisor to his father, whom he had advised seriously since 1949. Though an educated man of professed fairness, Thondup seemed increasingly likely to political analysts in 1961 to have been the driving force behind the Nepali removals, uniting with Tashi behind the pragmatic need to reclaim south Sikhim for its indigenous inhabitants.² This was hinted further at when, shortly after the Decree, Thondup was dispatched by his father to ceremonially moderate discussions on the removals at the Tashi Namgyal Academys debate society.
Tashi Namgyal could not live forever, and visibly waned in health and appearance as the 1960s dawned. His nearly fifty years on the Sikhimese throne had been one of great changebut waiting in the wings, it seemed, was an heir ready to bring change even greater.
[list][sup]¹ In reality, the curse of eldest sons did indeed strike a third time, claiming Tenzings life at 25 in a 1978 car crash. Whether that will occur in this timeline remains to be seen.[/sup]
[sup]² Here, as he did in real life, Thondup aligns with Nari Rustomjis vision of an indigenous Buddhist Sikkim. In this timeline, he takes advantage of Gandhis lenience to leverage an Indian-backed removal of Nepali settlers.[/sup][/list]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan
Post by Order Of Fire suppressed by Paramountica.
Hi
Cascadla
Post by Persequimur Umbras suppressed by Paramountica.
Merry Meet
Post by Capotzka suppressed by Paramountica.
Hello
Post by Vladiovoska suppressed by Paramountica.
I am going to invade little daguo
[list][list]MAY 1961
[sub]Sarah and Kennedy[/sub][/list]
[pre] O R D E M E P R O G R E S S O [/pre]
[list][sub][pre]Hail, precious banner of hope!
Hail, august symbol of peace!
Thy noble presence to our minds
The greatness of our motherland does bring.[/pre][/sub][/list]
THE WHITE HOUSE
[sub]WASHINGTON D.C., Paramountica AFTERNOON[/sub]
| After the successful trip to Africa, Brazils President SARAH KUBITSCHEK will head to her next destination, the United States. The main focus of the meeting will be to discuss Brazils debt with the United States, Brazil will also ask for American help to build two refineries in the Amazon. At the Washington airport, going down the stairs of the Brazilian presidential plane, SARAH finds herself surrounded by journalists, her ministers close behind. President SARAH shook hands with Brazils Ambassador to the U.S., WALTHER MOREIRA SALLES, followed by 52-year-old U.S. Vice President Lyndon LYNDON B. JONHSON, and finally President JONH F. KENNEDY and his wife, the beautiful First Lady JACQUELINE JACKIE KENNEDY. |
| Then, an 8-year-old girl presented SARAH with a beautiful bouquet of flowers, next to her was her husband, Brazils First Gentleman JUSCELINO KUBITSCHEK, who greeted the girl and her mother. The two leaders got into the car and headed to the White House, where the meeting will take place. In Brazil, left-wing Vice President JOÃO JANGO GOULART met with some politicians who are not favorable to SARAHs pro-U.S. foreign policy, so they elaborated a new foreign policy called Independent Foreign Policy (I.F.P.), which will defend Brazils independence in relation to the two blocs (Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc) and the promotion of dialogue and trade with all countries, without ideological restrictions. As soon as SARAH returns to Brazil, this new foreign policy will be presented to her, but the chance of her accepting it is very low. She is committed to further strengthening U.S.-Brazil relations. |
| At the end of the meeting between the two heads of state, SARAH and KENNEDY shook hands once more, so White House staff escorted her to her car. SARAH will be staying at the most expensive hotel in Washington. President KENNEDY invited her, her husband, and the entire Brazilian delegation to a dinner at the White House. Faced with the serious economic crisis in the country, SARAH decided to save money, she will wear a simple dress with few jewels. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Peking Zhongguo, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Provenancia, Adriatican Islands, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
[list]May, 1961
[sub]Saudi Arabia intervene in the Moroccan civil war.[/sub][/list]
[sub]When the civil war in Morocco began three months ago, King Faisal bin Abdulaziz promise to support the monarchists faction in hope of restoring the Moroccan monarchy and prevent Nasser and soviet influence gaining more ground in the region. Faisal did this by sending supplies and military equipment to the monarchist faction and even sends some of Saudi military advisers to train the monarchist forces in using the new weaponry. This proves successful as the monarchist faction were gaining more territory and defeating their rival, but at the cost of 4,671 of their men. Not wanting them to lose their momentum and there strong success in winning the war, King Faisal decided to have Saudi Arabia to officially intervene in the civil war on the monarchist side. King Faisal order the mobilization of 1,000 strong Saudi forces. The 1,000 forces will be transported through flight, where they will gathered at Jeddah and will fly across Sudan and through the Sub-Saharan Africa region where they will finally arrived in morocco and landing at the monarchist controlled territories in the city of Casablanca.[/sub]
[sub]May Allah bring victory to the righteous warrior of Saudi Arabians and Moroccans monarchists.[/sub]
[spoiler=[sub]"There is no power and no strength save in God.
Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud, Founder of the Third Saudi State[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Peking Zhongguo, Jasumaa, Tallahan, Provenancia, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
A Sit Down for Negotiations: Fate of the West Indies In the Balance
1961
| As the referendum on the status of the creation of an independent West Indies Federation approaches, the party leaders Prime Minister Robert Bradshaw of the West Indies Labour Party, and Alexander Bustamante of the Conservative Party have sat down to hash out negotiations. If successful the two would be able to form a coalition to ensure a yes vote on the status of the federation.
The first major issue would be the structure of the government itself. Bustamante and the Conservatives argued for a loose federation, almost akin to the Canadian model. This would leave wide-sweeping tax collection, healthcare, and education responsibilities to individual islands, while the federal government would be much more restrained. The centralist faction, while weakened since the fall of Grantley Adams, still was a major faction in the Federation. The centralist doctrine argued for a strong unitary government, with only limited rights for states, that could always be taken away by the federal and executive powers.
On social issues, racism, and exploitation still loomed large in the minds of many. While Grantley Adams had been removed from office, his ideas were still popular among a small subset of the Federal government. This led to worries, that a potential resurgence of the Nationalist Party of the West Indies could lead to the institution of authoritarian, and racially prejudiced policies.
Even in terms of economics, the issues between both sides remained great. Jamaica for instance represented a sizable portion of the Federations gdp. Many worried that in a new independent federation, Jamaica may dominate, and exploit smaller islands for their gain. From the Jamaicans point of view, many politicians and businessmen have expressed concern, that Jamaica may be unfairly taxed at a higher rate and their wealth redistributed to the smaller islands.
Compromise
| As tensions remained at an all-time high among politicians of the federation, most civilians remained apathetic and uncaring about the future of the federation. Nationalism and patriotism towards some Pan-Caribbean ideals remained at least a few decades away, as most writers were in their infancy in toying with the idea of Pan-Caribbean Nationalism. Even Negrítude remained only a small community within academics in the regions of the British West Indies, despite being major contributors to its foundation.
Nonetheless, Prime Minister Robert Bradshaw remained committed to the success of the federation and sat down with Alexander Bustamante to create a comprehensive framework.
The easiest agreement would be racism; and prejudice. Both Bustamante and Bradshaw abhorred racism within the Federation, so in the Constitution of the Federation an anti-racism clause that: upholds the rights and privileges of all Federal citizens regardless of their race or ethnicity would be instituted. The High Court of the Federation would be tasked with upholding this clause, and be given powers to strike down unconstitutional laws. While English would remain the National Language of the Federation, and be used in education, government, and civil service, the government would recognize the right of citizens to speak their languages without persecution.
Then the two would hash out an agreement on the status of the government and the economy itself. After back-and-forth negotiations, the two would agree on a system of Divided Federalism, under this system, Education oversight, civil rights, trade regulation, criminal law, and foreign policy would be granted to the Federal government, as well as, the court systems of the federation.
The state or island governments would be granted rights over, property rights, civil law, local and private matters that do not affect the wider federation, municipal laws, and natural resources. Tax rates would also be left exclusively to the state themselves, and states would individually be left to fund their respective healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
The federal government also would collect tax and could use this to incentivize states to operate in ways the Federal government desired, in return for higher funding.
With the Government and Opposition seemingly having agreed, the two would now have to sell the product, mostly to their fellow politicians within the Federation. The Nationalist Party, was a lost cause as they would oppose any non-unitary government. So the two would focus on wrangling their support bases and preventing defections in the lead-up to the 1962 referendum.
Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Peking Zhongguo, Tallahan, Provenancia, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
1 | APRIL - 28 | MAY,1961
A New Currency,Opening Of A Central Bank,Maritime Infrastructure Development
______________________________________________
[U]APRIL
| Hadif in his wanting to push the nation forward as much as he can,which many would say that,his attitude towards state building could bring a lot of good but even greater faults to the nation.Would decide to begin a plan of introducing a new currency,but first he would commission the construction of a new building in the newly established [URL=https://www.nationstates.net/page=rmb/postid=52786746]capital[/URL].This building would become the location of the newly established Bank Rizab Persekutuan Brunei,the nation new central bank which will be given the major task of designing the look of a new currency,managing the printing and distribution of the new currency to the public and managing the pulling out of the old currency.
| On the 30th of April,the building for the central bank was completed and a long period of interviewing and hiring staff to manage the central bank was done on the 29th.The newly hired members of the central bank would be given their task and are expected to provide their results by next month.
[U]MAY
| On the 12th of May,the new currency would begin printing.The new currency would be a departure from the old currency,as they switch from the pound form of currency to the dollar form of currency.As they believe using the dollar form of currency will allow them to have more variety in prices,as the dollar uses the cents and cents can go from 1 cent to 100 cent but the pound,uses the pence which goes from as low as 5 pence to 100 pence.The new currency would be named the Bruneian Dollar,and it will have 1 - 100 cents,with 100 cents being equivalent to what dollar and there will be a 1 dollar,5 dollar,10 dollar,20 dollar,50 dollar and 100 dollar bill.
| While the new currency is being put into effect,the capital city will not allow the usage of the old currency after one week but in other,less developed areas where it will be harder to get the new currency towards,to replace the old currency are allowed to use the old currency till 1963.There would also be a an effort to put the new currency out as much as possible in the major city's with people being allowed to exchange the old currency for the new currency.5 Maziyan Pound (the old currency) will be equivalent to 1 Bruneian Dollar.
| On the 28th of May,1961.Hadif Rayyan would commission the construction of a new dock and shipping yard in Bandar Tutong.To try and improve the nation maritime infrastructure to make them more capable of international trade and to have the improved infrastructure for the supply travel that needs to be done between the rest of Brunei and the Temburong state.As the state is disconnected from the rest of Brunei by Sarawak.The new dock would be named the Dok Besar Tutong and the shipping yard the Halaman Penghantaran Besar Tutong.With both being expected to see completion by either late December 1961 or June 1962.
______________________________________________
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Peking Zhongguo, Jasumaa, Provenancia, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
[list]May 1961
[sub]Forward India, Pt. 2[/sub][/list]
[list][list][pre]ब्रॉड फॉरवर्ड इंडिया गठबंधन ने सामरिक उम्मीदवार स्थिति समझौते का अनुमोदन किया क्योंकि नेहरू सरकार ग्रीष्मकालीन विधायी प्रयास की तैयारी कर रही है
BROAD FORWARD INDIA COALITION RATIFIES TACTICAL CANDIDATE POSITIONING AGREEMENT AS NEHRU GOVERNMENT PREPARES FOR SUMMER LEGISLATIVE PUSH[/pre][/list][/list]
[list][sub]MAY 1961 | मई 1961[/sub][/list]
| [sub]Despite the Convention for Indian Change and Progress having concluded in February, the parties involved in the newly formed, broadly center-left Forward India coalition - the Praja Socialist Party, the Communist Party, the People's Democratic Front, and the Republican Party of India - continued holding weekly discussions and negotiations over one of the most crucial agreements to come out of this pre-election campaign period. In the 1957 general elections and all the cycles prior, the Indian left had allowed for candidates to run against one another in urban stronghold seats that, despite being majority in favor of a non-INC candidate, elected a Congress candidate to the Lok Sabha by plurality, as a virtue of the FPTP system that India employed to elect constituency representatives in the country's national legislature in Delhi. Out of the Forward India coalition in early May of this year came a historic agreement to allow for "tactical candidate positioning" - certain parties would agree to not run candidates in a constituency that another coalition partner had a chance of winning. The agreement aims to reduce vote splitting on the opposition side and strengthen the chances of the coalition to achieve their most realistic goal - pushing the governing Indian National Congress party out of its supermajority status in the legislature.[/sub] |
| [sub]The agreement includes endorsements of fellow coalition partner candidates in local constituency races on both the national and statewide level, with the coalition intending to fall back on strong regional results should their primary aims on the national level fail. The possibility of a singular, unified Indian left-wing umbrella party remains firmly out of the question due to the ideological differences between party members, though more radical coalition partners like the Communist Party have slightly moderated their message to adjust to their new political accommodations. Recent polling are indicative of a plurality of voters approving of the existence of a broad unified opposition coalition, though more than 50% express their worry of the fragile nature of such a coalition - especially if it were to come to power, in a far-fetched possibility. Nonetheless, India's opposition parties have committed to pushing forward with their goal of unifying opposition, left-wing, and anti-INC voters this election.[/sub] |
| [sub]While the PSP, CPI and her coalition partners continue making election preparations, the Indian National Congress party under Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru have been working with various cabinet ministers and departmental heads to prepare a summer legislative push that is expected to include farm-to-market programs for farmers, food security initiatives, a sustainable urban planning program, and an insertion of additional funding towards advanced national defense programs being supported and sponsored by the Indian Armed Forces. Nehru has taken a lower profile in this pre-election period, focusing on sitting down with the Lok Sabha to discuss legislative measures, and promoting government victories on behalf of the elderly president, the Mahatma Gandhi himself - who was already reportedly receiving "constant" medical care.[/sub] |
| [sub]Current independent polling are indicating that the INC are once again on track to secure a legislative majority, but whether or not they secure a supermajority as they have in the 1957, 1953 and 1950 general elections remains to be known. Current national vote polling show the INC at around 43% and the leading opposition party, the center-left PSP, at around 14% - the gap is obvious, but combined with the support for the other members of the Forward India coalition, the possibility that the INC could for the first time in several cycles sustain seat losses is on the horizon. Nonetheless, however, it is recognized by both sides that a major defeat for the INC is essentially impossible - while Gandhi has effectively withdrawn himself from the political stage for health reasons and old age, his legacy remains fresh and voters continue to support the party that is credited with the Indian independence movement.[/sub] |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Peking Zhongguo, Tallahan, Provenancia, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[list][sup]
(CCP) Peoples Republic of China / (CCP) 中华人民共和国
[/sup]
A CHINA INDEPENDENT: CENTRAL COMMITTEE DRAFTS MEMORANDUM FOR AN INDEPENDENT FOREIGN POLICY
独立的中国:中央委员会起草独立外交政策备忘录
[sub]April 1961 | 1961 年 4 月
[/sub]
[list]
[sub]
BEIJING, THE CAPITAL PROVINCE | 北京[/sub]
[sub]Communist Party General Secretary and Chairman Mao Zedong called for an early session of the 10th Plenary Session of the Communist Party Central Committee - currently in its 8th iteration - almost two years in advance. Usually, the Central Committee only met every several months to every year to discuss the state of the nation and the plan for the central government moving forward. Most recently, the 9th Plenary Session was held from the 14th to the 18th of January of 1961, where Chen Yun conducted a report on the economic plan for 1961, and Deng Xiaoping reported on a Moscow meeting of communist parties in the year prior, in 1960. This plenary session, reportedly, is to tackle the question of the Great Leap Forward (previously tackled at the 8th Plenary Session in August of 1951) as well as to discuss foreign policy proposals as proposed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Peoples Republic of China. The Chairman Mao convened the Plenary Session on 22 May 1961, immediately opening with local political reports and quota discussions from local officials invited from the countryside to brief the Central Committee.[/sub]
[sub]While the Great Leap Forward was on the agenda for discussion as a priority item, the Chairman Mao made it clear that he intended to discuss a new foreign policy for the Peoples Republic, crafted specifically to empower the Peoples Republic, to safeguard the revolution and protect the Chinese workers from the scourages of capitalism and false socialism. The plan clearly had the Sino-Soviet Split in mind; when the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, both major communist powers in their own rights, split on foreign policy issues and withdrew years of cooperation on multiple fronts. The Chairman Mao first invited Liu Shaoqi, the Vice Chairman of the Communist Party, to address the Central Committee on the overall effects of the existing foreign policy on China as a whole.[/sub]
[sub]Zhou Enlai, Premier of the Peoples Republic of China and architect of the countrys foreign policy, briefed the Central Committee and the Chairman Mao on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs own proposal for a new, independent foreign policy - entitled A China Independent (独立报). The policy established self-sustainability, economic and military independence, social empowerment, and internal focus and protection of interests abroad as key tenets of the plan, and abandoned the policy of relying on foreign nations, capitalists, and false socialists for the development of the Peoples Republic and the services for the People. Zhou was respected for his role in shaping Chinas foreign and internal policy, and was largely viewed as Maos apprentice and eventual successor. Presently, however, he served as the Chairmans right-hand man and as his chief foreign policy advisor. He subscribed to a more peaceful world view, promoting mutual cooperation while protecting Chinas foreign interests and partners - despite how little of them they were in number.[/sub]
[sub]Crucially, the new policy entailed a disconnect from the Soviet Union to reduce unnecessary economic dependence on other nations. The policy emphasized the importance of maintaining a cordial relationship with Moscow but also emphasized the need for China to develop her own means of societal, economic and technological advancement without unnecessary or lazy dependence on other nations.[/sub]
[sub]The Central Committee debate began on 24 May, a day after Premier Zhou was invited to brief the Committee on his foreign policy proposal. Many crucial members of the Committee, Lui Shaoqi, General Lin Biao, and Deng Xiaoping had already pledged their support for the plan, but internal discussion and debate between interests were a necessary though somewhat symbolic part of the process. Amendments would be proposed to the proposal, which would then be re-drafted by the Central Committee upon completion. The plan would then be passed back to the Foreign Ministry for clarification and adoption.[/sub]
[sub]中共中央总书记、国家主席毛泽东提前近两年就要求召开中共中央十届八中全会。通常情况下,中央委员会每隔几个月到一年才召开一次会议,讨论国情和中央政府的前进计划。最近的一次是 1961 年 1 月 14 日至 18 日召开的九届一中全会,会上陈云作了关于 1961 年经济计划的报告,邓小平报告了前一年,即 1960 年莫斯科共产党会议的情况。据报道,这次全会将讨论大跃进问题(此前曾在 1951 年 8 月的八届八中全会上讨论过),并讨论中华人民共和国外交部提出的外交政策建议。1961年5月22日,毛主席召开了全会,会议一开始就听取了从农村请来的地方官员向中央作的地方政治报告并讨论了名额问题。[/sub]
[/list]
[B]
🇨🇳 🇨🇳 🇨🇳
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Provenancia, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Greater Kurdistane, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[list][list][sub]R E P U B L I C O F T U R K E Y T Ü R K Y E C U M H U R I Y E T I [/sub][/list][/list]
[list][list][sub]1961 General Elections[/sub]
[sub]June, 1961[/sub][/list]
[list]|[sub]CHP and DIP enter negotiations! [/sub]|[/list]
| The Republic of Turkey's first election was finally organized and scheduled for June months after the December coup d'état, which was launched by the [National Unity Committee or MBK], which had collectively disbanded following the March referendum that resulted in the adoption of a new constitution, for a proclaim 'new and better' Republic. Following the approval of the constitution and the announcement of general elections, several prominent members of Turkey's defunct [MBK] and 11th parliament rush to prepare for their campaigns as new competitors enter the political fray as a result of Menderes political oppression being lifted. |
| As polling's began the largest and oldest party that had constantly fought the Menderes administration and his Democratic Party, İsmet İnönü, chairman of the Republican People's Party, secured an easy advantage and especially heavily populated areas. While the Republican People's Party was leading in the polls, it was not without opposition. The Democratic Labor Party was formed with the assistance of many popular former [MBK] leaders and breakaway legislators, campaigning as the most left-wing party legally running in general elections, presenting new programs and supporting policies that were previously restricted during the Menderes era, and quickly becoming popular with younger generations. Furthermore, with the dissolution of the Democratic Party, the Justice Party was formed as the DP's successors; however, despite polling well with conservatives and fundamentalists, the party suffered a substantial decline in popularity with the rest of the voting populace as a result of their association as the DP's successors. Finally, the Republican Villagers Nation Party, like the Justice Party, suffered in the surveys as a result of their prior partnership with the highly despised Democratic Party, as well as their affiliation with radical ideologies. |
| Following weeks of vigorous campaigning by the four major political parties. Leftist politics gained prominence, with the CHP and DIP emerging as clear favorites, representing a conflict between social democracy and democratic socialism. While the Justice Party remained the lone true conservative party, publicly embracing the laissez-faire economic model, claiming that a deregulated economy will reverse the stagnation created by the Democratic Party's economic centralization. Meanwhile the Republican Villagers Nation Party has fallen into last place, desperately attempting to regain their prior level of support. Nevertheless, millions of Turks march to the ballots to determine the country's future. |
[list][*]Republican People's Party
Leader: İsmet İnönü
40%, 180 Seats
[*]Democratic Labor Party
Leader: Ozdemir Nazli
30%, 135 Seats
[*]Justice Party
Leader: Ragıp Gümüşpala
20%, 90 Seats
[*]Republican Villagers Nation Party
Leader: Osman Bölükbaşı
10%, 45 Seats[/list]
| With the election results in hand and no clear majority obtained by any of the four parties, it was clear that a coalition government was required to form a majority government unless the four leading parties wanted to risk another round of elections and potentially lose votes. Hours after the results were announced, both the Republican People's Party and the Democratic Labor Party announced that negotiations were underway, talks that would likely last days as both parties attempted to find an agreement or risk another round of elections, which could change the power balance dramatically if voters were dissatisfied. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Provenancia, Adriatican Islands, Maziya
[list]June 1961
[sub]Four years since the start of the Modernization of Oman: Progress and new reforms.[/sub][/list]
[sub]It been a four years since Sultan Qaboos bin Said started to modernize his country and things have change since then. In the first year since the start of modernization, 16 schools in Oman and over 5,000 people, young and old and males and females, are attending schools and more than 16 hospital were build where the injured and sick people were being care for. Now three years later, there are now over 50 schools in Oman and over 10,000 people, young and old and males and females, are attending schools and this help increase the literacy rate up to 40%. Three years later more than 30 hospitals have been build and the doctors and nurses there are taking care of the people who are sick and need of help. This help decrease the morality rates in Oman by 10%. Three years ago, there were over 48 miles of roads in the country, now there are over more than 300s miles of roads, covering and connecting to almost half of the country. The economy in the Sultanate has increase a lot thanks to export of oils and the sultan supporting the expansion of private industry. This actions increase Oman income by a lot. Sultan Qaboos continue his yearly tour of the sultanate and meeting people and tribal leaders alike.[/sub]
[sub]Within three years since Sultan Qaboos establish radio stations throughout Oman, more than 20 stations were built and communication within the country is effective and stable. The Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces (SAF) have been modernizing quite well with the army, navy, and air forces receive new military equipment and technologies from US and UK and soon the Armed Forces would be completely modernize and be on par with the rest of the military in the region and the west. This is what happened in four years since the start of the modernization of Oman.[/sub]
[spoiler="We must all work together to build a better, more peaceful and stable world.
Qaboos bin Said Al Said, Sultan of Oman
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Cascadla, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Provenancia, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[list][PRE]June 24th 1961[/pre][/list]
[list][list][list][list][pre] Catholic Conservative Cities and Progressives Clash; Red Scare To The South [/pre][/list][/list][/list][/list]
[list][list][pre] P L U S - U L T R A[/pre][/list][/list]
[list][I]Madrid Spainard
[sub][I]THE SPANISH KINGDOM OF SPAIN[/I][/sub][/list]
[list]|[sub] In Seville, a local speakeasy hangout spot had been torched by a group of individuals which may be led to believe as part of a recent hike in reported incidents against same-sex lounges across the country. Many religious conservatives had spoken out against the new law last month that legalized same-sex unions and their right to parent children.[/sub]
[I][sub]An insult to the Catholic Church, as priests have called it, has taken presumptive action to voice their dissatisfaction with the recent codification by asking senior officials in municipal governments not to acknowledge or to pass legislation that would give prominent same-sex couples the same rights as that of regular individuals.[/sub]
[I][sub]Prosecutors in Madrid have filed an injunction to the Province of Andalucía asking for the Seville City Council to adhere to the new law. However, the southern province is influenced highly by that of the Catholic Church.[/sub]
[I][sub]Protests in Seville were met with violence, as four people have died since. Radical college students who harbor progressive and liberal ideologies continue challenging the conservative majority and church harmony. Using the ETA and other separatist-like ideologies to scare Madrid into conceding to these demands has shown that Prime Minister Alavrez continues to have a weak grip over the countrys policies.[/sub]
[list][list]__[/list][/list]
[I][sub]The Foreign Ministry has released a statement acknowledging the implications of the Civil War to the South in Morroco. With thousands already dead and the country fractured, the Spanish Royal Air Force remains alert and concerned for the Spanish enclaves within the region. Although the Riffian Republic has been admitted into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the first North African country to do so, more attention has been placed on The Melilla Autonomous City.[/sub]
[I][sub]Alvarez and his Ministry of Defense have not come out to support either a communist or monarchist stance towards the civil war in Morrocco; however, its believed that any Red Scare on NATOs doorstep to the south would be unwarranted.[/sub]
[sub][I]The recent events have triggered Catholics and conservatives alike. Weary of the leftist ideological wave that has captured Spanish youth, many within the Conservative Alliance Party call for a reconciliation on the party's values.[/sub]
[I][sub]Discontentment of the party of the coalition government with the PSOE and the passing of a significant law backed by many within the PSOE many see as a sign of weakness and defeat.[/sub][/list]
[list][list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler][/list][/list]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Provenancia, Adriatican Islands, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[list]June 1961
[sub]Hung Possibility[/sub][/list]
[pre]E I N I G K E I T U N D R E C H T U N D F R E I H E I T[/pre]
NONE TO FIFTY
[sub]BONN, THE FEDERAL CAPITAL, New Provenance - MORNING[/sub]
| With around two months left until the coming federal elections, the various parties are scrambling to solve a glaring issue that comes with current polling. In April, polling showed the CDU at 43%, the SPD at 40%, the DPD at 9%, the FDP at 4%, and various independents at 4%. Since the German electoral system utilizes the D'Hondt proportional allocation system to allocate seats during federal elections, that would mean that neither party would gain a sufficient majority (as 50% would theoretically be required for such a majority) in the Bundestag. The greatest glaring issue, however, is that of the coalition numbers. A CDU-FDP coalition, theoretically, would only yield 48% of seats, based on April polling. A CDU-DPD coalition would only yield 49%. The SPD is faced with a similar predicament, with an SPD-FDP coalition garnering only 44%, and a broad SPD-DPD coalition garnering 49%. New polling would be released in June that would slightly assuage these concerns, but the worries would still remain. |
[list][pre]AGGREGATE POLLING AS OF 10 JUNE 1961 - GERMAN FEDERAL ELECTION
Kurt Georg Kiesinger - Christian Democratic Union - 45% (+)
Willy Brandt - Social Democratic Party - 41% (+)
Reinhold Meier - German Democratic Party - 7% (-)
Erich Mende - Free Democratic Party - 5% (+)
Independent candidates - 2% (-)[/pre][/list]
| Based on current polling, the CDU would likely only barely squeak by with a continuation of its shaky partnership with the FDP, who has been striving to establish its own political brand and identity beyond the junior coalition partner of the Christian Democrats. The SPD, meanwhile, possesses no path to the chancellorship without a broad coalition with the DPD and the FDP, or the DPD and Independents. While the Christian Democrats continue to make gains in aggregate polling, Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger still has much to worry about, especially when it comes to the factor of the center-right German Democrats - better known as the DPD. |
| Now led by the elder statesman Reinhold Meier, the German Democrats have positioned themselves - and benefited from its status as - the alternative to the Christian Democrats for moderates, centrists and conservatives. The party dominates the center of German politics, and has garnered support largely from voters dissatisfied with the current government, or voters who preferred Ludwig Erhard during the CDU leadership election. It is extremely unlikely the party would agree to align themselves in a coalition with the Christian Democrats. While the party has dropped from 9% to 7% in recent polling, it is still likely to command a sizable amount of seats - potentially enough to allow the SPD to take power. While Meier has committed to "center-right policies", he has refused to close the door on a grand coalition with the SPD and the FDP, stating that "if voters want a change of government, we can deliver a change of government". |
| Based on analysis by various pundits, the CDU and SPD are likely to end up "neck-and-neck" by election day in August. The FDP are slowly but surely re-asserting themselves, which could be a good sign for the Christian Democrats, but the question on everyone's mind is whether or not the FDP will actually be willing to align itself with the CDU once more, or if it will give a chance to a change in government and support Willy Brandt for the top job. The FDP, however, has re-asserted its commitment to its new party platform of "independence from the two-party system", which in it of itself has earned the party some of its old support back. |
| The current state of the race is increasingly polarizing, which rules out the possibility of a grand coalition between the CDU and SPD, which has been of some discussion as of late. The Bundestag is thoroughly divided over the Chancellor's science and education package, which the SPD condemns as "too focused on turning students into producers of the state's weapons of war". Willy Brandt, the Governing Mayor of Berlin and the SPD's candidate for chancellor this election, has urged his party members to propose amendments to the legislation or "let it die", stating that "an area of policy as important as science and education deserves a truly workable and sufficient bill to govern its progress for the next decade". |
| While it is likely the polling will continue with upward trends for the Christian Democrats, no analysts are stating that the CDU has a chance at an outright majority like it had four years ago - a far cry from polling just before the 1959 presidential election, when Adenauer still served as Chancellor and the party was widely considered to be on-track to win a legislative majority. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, Tallahan, Provenancia, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[list][list][list][pre]RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
FRENCH BUREAUCRACY
MINISTÈRE DE LINTÉRIEUR[/pre][/list]
______
MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR: REBELLION IN ALGERIA ONE HUNDRED HOURS TOO FAR
[sub]VTH REPUBLIC | PARIS, MAY 1961[/sub][/list]
[sub]| HELM OF LIBERTÉ, MINISTÈRE DE LINTÉRIEUR - | The Algerian army rebellion, known as "the Hundred Hours," left behind a sharp divide among Frenchmen that erupted into ugly fights and trivial rivalries. In Algeria, soldiers criticized noncoms, who then criticized officers, who then criticized each other. Civil servants accused their rivals in anonymous letters. The labor unions wanted an immediate round of pay increases as compensation, arguing that by rallying behind De Gaulle, they had saved France. Although they were defeated, the three rebel factions that shook France remained hostile.[/sub]
[sub]The nation was astounded to see just how deeply the officer corps had sown the seeds of insurrection. In Algeria, groups of draftee troops, soon called "the Soviets" who accused their wavering superiors "helped" a commission established up to look into specific officers. The evidence established that hundreds of people who had not overtly rebelled yet firmly supported General Challe's intention to keep Algeria French and had not intervened in any way. De Gaulle finally had to put an end to the operation after seizing 200 officers, but not because he had apprehended all the rebel supporters but rather because he feared for the stability of the army's entire command system. Investigations in France's senior military echelons revealed a similar dangerous situation. Sadly, an official noted that "there were very few officers on the general staff who on the first day of the revolt remained, without ambiguity, loyal to De Gaulle." General Maurice Challe, the leader of the uprising, was safely imprisoned in Paris, where he would stand trial for his life in three weeks. Last week, another rebel general, Andre Zeller, surrendered at the Algiers police headquarters. Two others, though, remained at large.[/sub]
[sub]Nobody knew exactly what to do with the 15,000-man Foreign Legion and the 40,000 tough regular soldiers in Algeria who had joined with the revolutionaries. The remaining regular troops were confined to their barracks in a foul mood, and three regiments would be disbanded. De Gaulle shut down the Foreign Legion's recruitment office in Paris, signaling what appeared to be the end for the legendary corps that had fought in some of France's bloodiest wars for the last 130 years, from the Crimea to Dienbienphu. In comparison to his predecessor from the past, who oiled his feet, wore no socks, and subsisted on bread, cheese, and a quart of red wine, today's legionnaire is downright gentlemanly. The current legionnaires; mainly German and Hungarian took 10,000 casualties in Indo-China and 1,236 in Algeria, earning them the moniker "the Legion of Death" better than any other unit in history. A guard defiantly said to newsmen last week, "Scram, carrion!" "The Legion won't cry," the adage says.[/sub]
[sub]The European community in Algeria, which had supported the uprising, was unrepentant and possibly volatile. A new insurrection by bitter-enders was threatened by pamphlets declaring the formation of a new "Secret Army Organization" (O.A.S.). About half of the 20,000 weapons that the army rebels distributed to civilians during the four-day uprising, including heavy machine guns and bazookas, were still hidden away in some location. Police dragnets searched 10,000 apartments a night in Algiers, but when they arrived, hundreds of ultras were gone from their residences. A 9 p.m. curfew prevented the last white settlers from leaving their homes, so they congregated on balconies and roofs, flung rocks and vegetables at police search parties, and pounded pots and pans to the beat of "Al-gé-rie Fran-çaise."[/sub]
[sub]As Frenchmen gradually realized how severely the Hundred Hours had wounded their nation, they could also see how much they owed Charles de Gaulle for his steel resolve (even the advisory Council of State refused to give the government its support during a crisis, 57 to 47). But De Gaulle had remained steadfast. In the past week, he grimly pushed for the restart of negotiations with the Muslim Front de Libération Nationale (F.L.N. ), seeking to secure Algerian peace before the dispersed ultras could regroup. It was clear that even Charles de Gaulle's chances of surviving for an additional 100 hour revolutionary fiasco were slim. |[/sub]
[list]______[/list]
[list][list][pre]VIVE LA RÉPUBLIQUE!
VIVE LA FRANCE!
VIVE LEMPIRE![/pre][/list][/list]
[list][spoiler=[sub]𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐌
𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐘[/sub]]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, New Provenance, Tallahan, Provenancia, Adriatican Islands, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
A Timeline (Rewrite) of Malian Independence
October 1946: The 1946 Constitutional Referendum passes. In effect this constitutional restricts voting rights for African subjects, and reduces number of National Assembly seats allocated to the colonial territories in West Africa. Symbolically this ends the idea of a Franco-African Union envisioned by people like Léopold Senghor. Instead an idea of post-colonial African Federalism begins to develop, the framework for the Mali Federation begins here.
March 1958: The African Regroupment Party - Senegal, Togo, and Upper Volta sweep local elections. Sekou Touré signs an appeal desiring to join the new party.
Summer 1958: Before the announcement of the granting of autonomy to French West African states, Charles De Gaulle visits the colonies. There he meets with Ahmed Sekou Touré and numerous other African leaders. Instead of deliberately lying to Touré, De Gaulle informs him of the plans to allow for African Federalism, and the potential for free nations, within the overall French Community. Guinea, and the rest of French West Africa vote yes on the constitutional referendum.
November 1958: In the African Democratic Rally Congress, Modibo Keïta and Ahmed Sekou Touré choose to split from the RDA after Felix Houphouët-Boigny rejects joining the proposed African Federation.
December 28th 1958: Guinea, Sudan, Dahomey, Senegal, and Upper Volta attend the Malian Unification Conference in Bamako.
December 29th 1958: Dahomey leaves the conference in exchange for French promises to construct a railway and port. Upper Volta is threatened by expulsion of migrant workers, by France and Côte dIvoire. Nonetheless due to the size of the new Federation, Upper Volta is convinced to say.
March 20th 1959: Following elections that cemented the ruling pro-federation parties, the process of integration begins. Despite De Gaulles resistance, promises of joining the French community, maintaining French currency, and allowing military bases manage to convince De Gaulle down from his opposition.
December 28th 1959: France officially supports the new federations creation and independence.
January 1st 1960: Mali is granted independence. Leopold Sédar Senghor is elected as Prime Minister, Modibo Keïta as President, Ahmed Sekou Touré as Deputy Minster, and Maurice Yaméogo as Vice President.
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Provenancia, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
June 16, 1961
[sub]Newauroria EARLY EVENING[/sub]
v
|
Headline: Health Canada Unveils Ambitious Healthcare Improvement Plan to Foster National Well-being
By-line: June 1961, Ottawa
Introduction:
In a landmark development for Canadian healthcare, the newly founded Department of Health, Health Canada (HC), under the leadership of Minister of Health Dr. Evelyn Vitalis, has unveiled an ambitious plan aimed at enhancing the nation's well-being. The comprehensive healthcare improvement initiative is set to revolutionize the healthcare landscape, ensuring access to quality medical services for all Canadians. With a vision of promoting health and vitality across the country, Health Canada's strategic plan marks a pivotal moment in Canadian healthcare history.
In-depth Report:
In an inspiring address to the nation, Dr. Evelyn Vitalis, the esteemed Minister of Health, articulated the core objectives of Health Canada's transformative healthcare improvement plan. Rooted in her unwavering dedication to public health and well-being, Dr. Vitalis emphasized the central theme of fostering a healthier and more resilient nation.
"With the launch of Health Canada, we embark on a journey to build a healthier and more vibrant Canada. Our aim is to ensure that every Canadian, regardless of their background or circumstance, has access to the healthcare services they need to lead a fulfilling and healthy life," stated Minister Vitalis.
The core pillars of Health Canada's strategic plan encompass a range of initiatives designed to enhance healthcare accessibility, quality, and efficiency. Central to the plan is the establishment of a universal healthcare system, providing comprehensive medical services to all Canadians. Driven by a vision of equitable healthcare, Health Canada aims to eliminate barriers and disparities in access to medical care.
The plan also emphasizes preventive healthcare measures to address health issues at their root and reduce the burden on the healthcare system. Investing in public health education, promoting healthy lifestyles, and disease prevention are key components of Health Canada's forward-looking approach.
Furthermore, Health Canada is committed to elevating medical research and innovation. By fostering collaboration between healthcare providers, researchers, and institutions, the department seeks to enhance medical knowledge and bring cutting-edge treatments to patients.
Minister Vitalis underlined the importance of mental health support in the plan, recognizing the profound impact of mental well-being on overall health. Health Canada will prioritize the expansion of mental health services and advocate for a compassionate and inclusive approach to mental health care.
As part of the plan's implementation, Health Canada will collaborate with provincial and territorial governments, healthcare providers, and stakeholders. Together, they will work towards the collective goal of transforming Canada's healthcare landscape.
"Health Canada's success depends on a united effort from all levels of government, healthcare professionals, and communities. Together, we will build a healthcare system that is the envy of the worlda system that reflects our commitment to the well-being of every Canadian," asserted Minister Vitalis.
The launch of Health Canada's healthcare improvement plan marks a defining moment in Canadian history. Dr. Evelyn Vitalis's visionary leadership is set to shape a healthier and more vibrant nation, driven by the principles of accessibility, quality, and compassion. As Canada embarks on this transformative journey, the nation looks forward to a future defined by improved health outcomes and the well-being of all its citizens.
Conclusion:
Led by Minister of Health Dr. Evelyn Vitalis, Health Canada has unveiled an ambitious healthcare improvement plan that promises to revolutionize Canada's healthcare landscape. Rooted in the principles of accessibility, quality, and preventive care, the plan aims to ensure that all Canadians have access to comprehensive medical services. By fostering collaboration and innovation, Health Canada envisions a healthier and more resilient nationone where the well-being of its people takes center stage. As Canada sets forth on this transformative journey, the nation embraces the promise of a brighter and healthier future for all its citizens.
|
[spoiler=[sub]Healthcare[/sub]
NICE
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, European Union Eu, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[list]May, 1961
[sub]Formations of a Nation[/sub][/list]
[list]THE LEFT AND THE RIGHT - BALEWA FACES A POLITICAL CRISIS[/list][/list]
[list]| Prime Minister Balewa faces a crisis even bigger than that of just a few months ago. While the double resignation in late March did stunt the government's growing popularity among Western MP's, as the government preps for a deep session in the Nigerian House of Commons for the May Budget, Spending, Taxation and Regular session, a bi-annually, 1-week parliamentary session focusing mostly on economic issues facing the country. However, while some of his worries are about parliamentary support concerning his incoming budget, he faces his biggest yet - Chiemeka Ijeawele and the darling of Nigeria's conservative and Northern-focused right, Nnamdi Azikiwe. To the NRF's de-facto leader, Ijeawele, he creates a direct problem to the disconnected and disorganised Northern Regional Militia, but the growth of the ideology, as-well as the militia, creates the political and militant problem for the unpopular Prime Minister. If left untreated, regional parties could spring up from the grounds of Secular Socialism, the rejection of Regional Nationalism, Religion and capitalism. Spurred on by disillusioned members of the WPC, dominated, by a more moderate breed of African Socialism, as-well as SRP, a minor party currently popular among the impoverished populace of the South and Delta. While not directly from the young and growing big beast of the Nigerian Left, the movement of Unitary Socialism poses a very direct political threat to the centrist premiership of Balewa. However, he faces a more imminent problem of Nnamdi Azikiwe. |
| The growing political force of the National Federative Union (NRU), a conservative faction within the NPC, with a pro-west foreign policy and protectionist economic policy, led by Minister of the Interior, Nnamdi Azikiwe, is a threat which is posed at a local level of councils and various regional economic or social policy commissions, as-well as a parliamentary level, especially if he fails to pass his national budget next month, which would likely see opposition parties force a no-confidence vote, and so early into his premiership, would need the support of the NFU if he wishes to remain until the next election, posed for 1964. However, much of that support for the prospect of a no-confidence vote comes from the incoming budget, in which the NRU would offer rent control, promises on social housing, protectionist policies on price controls and trade barriers, and the PM will be forced into making various concessions and policy shifts if it to pass the House of Commons. This political threat from the right is much more direct and imminent than the NRF, and will look to knock at least some of the infulence the NFU and Azikiwe in one swift blow if he can balance out his budget. However, with the threat of the NFU growing larger and larger, with more and more MP's joining the faction, could see the end of not just himself as Prime Minister but the collapse of the so-far stable coalition of the NPC-NCNC and could lead to the rise of a more extreme, more radical force in Nigerian Politics. |
| However, despite the growth of the political extremes, at least to the view of Balewa loyalists, his vision for Nigeria still remains at the forefront of his mind, with his policy and media advisors set to take care of the more psychodrama-esc political games against the NFU, as-well as plans for a crackdown on the growing force of African Socialism, slowly creeping into the mainstream cycle of Nigerian politics. If he manages to defeat the NFU in their plan to oust him, a likely goal if he doesn't give into their more protectionist and pro-west ideals, Balewa would likely have an easy ride into 1964, with the only real worry being the continued premiership of Okpara to Western Nigeria, having embraced a more Europa-style socialism to the African centrism of Balewa. While unpopular among many MP's, including prominent MP's in his own party of the NPC, his vision for Nigeria is a clear one - radical centrism. Uprooted in opposition to African Socialism as-well as pro-west conservatism and protectionism to both wings, he championed the combination of moderate protectionism with humanised capitalism, combining much more moderate and watered down policies of the two traditional wings, and managing to win in a landslide victory just last year. However, the PM's aim to be pragmatic with his ideology, shifting to the left or the right if need be, as those to his Left and Right becomes increasingly frustrated and restless of his centrist model of governance. The very thing he built his political career on may be the very thing to tear him down against the wings of socialism and conservatism. Only time will tell. |
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[list]June 1961
[sub]The Future is Osias[/sub][/list]
[pre]A N G R E P U B L I K A[/pre]
PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSOR
[sub]MANILA, PROVINCE OF MANILA, Provenancia - MORNING[/sub]
| Eleven months remain until the next presidential election. In 1954 and 1958, the charismatic frontman of the center-right Nacionalista Party, Ramon Magsaysay, had dominated in the polls, consistently securing an overwhelming majority and a firm mandate for his government and his party. Since his ascendance to power, President Magsaysay has received numerous notable awards, and is regarded by the general public as one of the most accomplished heads of state in Philippine history, if not the most accomplished. His personal approval and job performance ratings hover between 70-80% above ground, while his critics speak softly at best thanks to the respect commanded by his government and its policies. Economists point to the Magsaysay period from 1954 to 1962 as the "Golden Age" of the Philippines, with the country ascending to becoming the second-fastest growing economy in Asia, second only to the Japanese. "Mambo Magsaysay", however, is ineligible for a third term in office, according to the 1935 Constitution that remains in effect. Thus, this means that on the 30th of June, 1962, Magsaysay will step down as President to allow for his successor to take the reins of a strong economy, confident consumers, and flourishing business and society. |
| The question on the minds of many, then, is who Magsaysay would appoint as his successor. Many eyes turned towards Camilo Osias, the Senate President turned Vice Presidential candidate as the running mate of Magsaysay. He was a fairly quiet vice president, choosing to take his role as second-in-command in a quiet, perhaps even introverted manner. Others also looked at Jose B. Laurel, Jr., the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and to Daniel Z. Romualdez, the House Speaker Pro Tempore. Many, however, considered Osias as the most likely successor. |
| On the public stage, it was clear that Osias was being prepared by Magsaysay to run as his successor. While his less outspoken vice president wasn't as charismatic as his commander-in-chief, he held his own positive set of traits, especially in lawmaking and bipartisan dealmaking. Magsaysay attributed several priority legislation, mostly on urban planning and business, to his leading of negotiations with opposition lawmakers (while the Nacionalista Party held firm majorities in both chambers, Magsaysay was a fan of broadly supported legislation). Osias was dispatched on more public roles, receiving foreign dignitaries and touring the country on the President's behalf. Officially, this was because Magsaysay was focusing on his family. Unofficially, backdoor channels indicated that Osias was being put into the spotlight ahead of the filing of candidacy forms in October of this year with the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). |
| Early primary polling shows that 56% of Nacionalista Party members were supportive of Osias becoming the party's 1962 presidential candidate. Osias, if nominated, is likely to face Elpidio Quirino, former Liberal senator and Liberal presidential candidate in the 1954 elections, or Emmanuel Pelaez, a top Liberal senator. The race is likely to be a two-party race, as the Philippine Liberal Democrats under the young Angela Reyes and the Philippine Progressive Party are unlikely to put up their own presidential candidates. The Liberal Democrats have already indicated their intention to support Quirino for the presidency, while the PPP's Manuel Manahan was a close ally and partner of Vice President Osias. |
[list][pre]EARLY PRESIDENTIAL POLLING - FOR THE 1962 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION - JUNE 1961
Camilo Osias - Nacionalista Party - 46%
Elpidio Quirino - Liberal Party - 42%
Manuel Manahan - Philippine Progressive - 7%
Unsure - 5%
Camilo Osias - Nacionalista Party - 49%
Emmanuel Pelaez - Liberal Party - 37%
Manuel Manahan - 10%
Unsure - 4%[/pre][/list]
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
A updated timeline of the formation of Saudi Arabia
1744: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of "Wahhabism," an austere form of Islam, arrives in the central Arabian state of Najd in 1744 preaching a return to "pure" Islam. He seeks protection from the local emir, Muhammad ibn Saud, head of the Al Saud tribal family, and they cut a deal. The Al Saud will endorse al-Wahhab's austere form of Islam and in return, the Al Saud will get political legitimacy and regular tithes from al-Wahhab's followers. The religious-political alliance that al-Wahhab and Saud forge endures to this day in Saudi Arabia. By the 19th century, the Al Saud has spread its influence across the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf and including the Two Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. But in 1818, forces of the Ottoman Empire sack the capital, Riyadh, and execute many of the religious and political leaders. Over the next eighty years the Al Saud attempt to reestablish their rule on the Arabian Peninsula without success.
1902: In 1902, a direct descendent of Muhammad ibn Saud, twenty-year-old Abdulaziz ibn Saud, rides out of the desert with 60 of his brothers and cousins to restore the rule of Al Saud. He captures Riyadh, the ancient capital of the Saudi state, but to conquer all of the Arabian Peninsula, he seeks the help of nomadic Bedouins, the Ikhwan, or Muslim brothers. Renowned warriors, the Ikhwan are also fervent Wahhabi Islamic puritans who want to spread their form of Islam throughout the Middle East.
1924-25: With the Ikhwan by his side, Abdulaziz captures province after province of the Arabian Peninsula. He captures Mecca in 1924 and Medina in 1925, becoming the ruler of the Two Holy Cities of Islam. But the Ikhwan want to spread Wahhabism beyond Arabia and when Abdulaziz tries to restrain them, they rebel. To survive, Abdulaziz realizes he has to destroy the Ikhwan. To do this, Abd al-Aziz seeks the approval of the ulama, the religious authorities, regarded as the moral guardians of the realm. With the ulama's endorsement, he crushes the Ikhwan.
1932: Abdulaziz ibn Saud declares himself king and gives his name to the country: Saudi Arabia. To keep his new kingdom united, he marries a daughter from every tribe as well as from the influential clerical families -- more than twenty wives, although never more than four at one time, in accordance with the Quran. These unions produce 45 legitimate sons and an unknown number of daughters (daughters are not counted). Abd al-Aziz then begins consolidating power away from the brothers and cousins who helped him conquer the peninsula in favor of his own sons. Every Saudi king since has been a son of Abdulaziz ibn Saud.
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[spoiler=PLAY ME FOR AMBIENCE: A Portuguesa | Anthem of The Portuguese Republic ]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIx43lGdCKI[/spoiler]
[list][sup]September 1st, 1962[/list][/sup]
[pre]𝓢𝓐𝓛𝓐𝓩𝓐𝓡: 𝒯𝐻𝐸 𝒪𝐿𝒟 𝑀𝒜𝒩 𝒪𝐹 𝐸𝒰𝑅𝒪𝒫𝐸[/pre][sup][pre] | , PORTUGAL[/pre][/sup]
[sup]The enigmatic António de Oliveira Salazar, born in the spring of April 28th, 1889, this boy of a peasant background from Vimieiro would've never been suspected of one day becoming the ruler of the Portuguese nation. By the current standards of today, Salazar would have been regarded as a rather conventional man. Austere and reserved, he avoided close relationships and pleasures that got in the way of the work to which he was dedicated. However, his rise to power was unconventional and his retention of it is remarkable to say the least. He is a man whose outlook on life is shaped by the rural milieu into which he was born, as well as by his particular family circumstances. Salazar's father, António de Oliveira, was a small landowner, getting his start as a field laborer, eventually elevating to the position of manager for the Perestrelos family. The family being wealthy landlords in the region of Santa Comba Dão who possessed lands and other assets scattered between Viseu and Coimbra. Meanwhile, Salazar's mother, Maria do Resgate Salazar, would maintain the home with his four sisters, all of which Salazar was noted for having a close relationship, despite Salazar being the only boy in the household. Salazar would eventually attend primary school in his town, only to relocate to a much better school in Viseu thanks to his father's service to the Perestrelos. At the age of 11, Salazar won a free place at Viseu's catholic seminary, which his mother greatly encouraged. He would study there for eight years, eventually considering becoming a priest, but he ultimately decided not to commit to the priesthood. Salazar would make his way to the University of Coimbra in 1910 to study law, although he would later take up finance and economics, earning his doctorate after taking up many positions during his educational career. He rose in the stratified world of pre-1920 Portugal on account of his intellectual gifts, becoming a professor of economics at Coimbra when he was not yet thirty.[/sup]
[sup]Those exposed to Salazar personally noted that the explanation to his success, first in academia and later in politics, is his willpower. Seen by allies and even his adversaries. He first showed it in overcoming career obstacles, and then in presenting himself as a would-be savior at a low point in Portugal's fortunes. Someone capable of rescuing the country from financial disaster and chronic political instability in the early years of the new republic. Those whom he had convinced were the military officers who had seized power in 1926. Their coup marked the end of over a century of a broadly liberal ascendancy in Portugal. The lieutenants of 1926 saw themselves as the guardians of the nation. However, they had no clue how to address the critical challenge of the hour, how to overcome Portugal's severe indebtedness and avoid the country losing its financial independence by taking out a foreign loan. One likely to involve international supervision of the country's finances and perhaps even the confiscation of its colonies. Salazar provided enough answers to be catapulted into the government in 1928. In four years, he showed himself to be an even more accomplished political wizard than an economic one. He civilianized an authoritarian regime when the politics of more and more countries were becoming militarized. By 1932, he had reached the political zenith. He was prime minister at forty-three and on the verge of creating a new state that would tear Portugal away from its failing liberal experiment.[/sup]
[sup]The turbulence of the 1930s revealed a second trait which would explain his political endurance. That trait being his deep-seated caution of the world around him. He refused to follow the examples of Heidler and Mussolini by establishing a totalitarian party-state. His dictatorship was one without a powerful mass party or an intrusive state, busy indoctrinating the masses with wide scale propaganda. Salazar's aim was the depoliticization of society, not the mobilization of the populace for imperialist fever dreams of Heidler and Mussolini. If the Estado Novo wasn't a pure fascist manifestation, then Salazar faced many persistent accusations that he was presiding over a clerical fascist variant. But contrary to the accusations, Salazar, a former candidate for the priesthood, kept the Catholic Church at arms length. So much so that he did not return the church various properties seized by the previous liberal government, such that it became somewhat of an embarrassment for the Vatican. Given the strength of secular republican feeling in Portugal cities, he judged it prudent not to restore to the church many of the rights it had lost. Salazar was a monarchist, no doubt, but he never contemplated restoring the monarchy. Instead, his formula was to create a ruling alliance of conservatives, some moderate liberals, and a few nationalist ideologues, kept in line by his political agility, and guaranteed ultimately by the armed forces.[/sup]
[sup]The Communists, which came to dominate the opposition after 1945, would prove to be his biggest threat. A vigilant secret police and a rigid system of press censorship were meant to curb its influence. But unlike the Fascists, National Socialists, or even other autocratic regimes, Salazar was careful not to create an army of martyrs through indiscriminate state violence. Rather, the communists would be infiltrated by members of national intelligence organization (PVDE), arrested, or exiled from the country, eventually pushing the Communists underground. However, Salazar faced many attempts on his rule by liberals, political rivals, and even discontent members of the military. His biggest threat being General Humberto Delgado. A man who had been working in the American embassy in Washington and was exposed to American democratic ideas and values. Causing him to push his ideology in a liberal democratic direction, and inspired him to run as a democratic opposition candidate for the Portuguese presidency in 1958. Supported by monarchists and even fascists who were repressed by Salazar, although many within the PVDE allege that Delgado's political ambitions lied more with his bruised ego, having lost to be appointed director of the NATO Defense College. It was also suspected that Delgado was in bed with the American CIA, who wanted regime change in Portugal. So much so that even Communists, who hated Salazar, came to label Delgado as General Coca-cola, in an allusion to the General's pro-Americanism. Delgado campaigned vigorously, even though he seemingly faced impossible odds. Although opposition candidates had nominally been allowed to run since the 1940s, the electoral system was so heavily rigged in favor of Salazar's National Union that its candidates could not possibly be defeated. Which would happen when Delgado eventually lost to his campaign rival Américo Tomás. After the election, Delgado would be dismissed from the military, causing him to panic and take refuge in the Brazilian embassy. Eventually given permission to enter self-imposed exile in Brazil by Salazar.[/sup]
[sup]Besides his great ability at national politics, Salazar proved his salt in the geopolitical field. Keeping Portugal out of the 2nd World War despite the Allies and Axis constant hounding for his participation in the war. He used subtlety and astuteness in keeping the warring European powers from trampling on Portugal's neutrality. Even showing fortitude and grit in preventing America's disdain for small countries that stood in its way, leading to collisions with Washington. The nerve-racking task of shielding Portugal from repeating the mistake of the 1st World War with the second one took its toll on Salazar's health. Yet he managed to impress foreign visitors then, and for many years afterward, with his mental acuteness, which included a formidable memory for facts, numbers, and people. Portugal would be inducted into NATO as a founder member, joined the European Free Trade Association. His politeness and capacity to charm and persuade softened the image of his regime. After 1945 he was ever more convinced that in a dangerous world he was indispensable for shielding the country from harm. The view even took hold among some committed democrats who got to know Salazar, that he was a dictator with a difference or that Portugal was a dictatorship without a dictator. Self-effacing, dedicated to his duties, shunning uniforms or bombastic displays, it was a benevolent autocrat who seemed to be in charge of Portugal. This was certainly the view that a busy public relations machine promoted. Salazar did not neglect propaganda, and the way the regime was marketed endowed it with a form of soft power.[/sup]
[sup]However, the kinks in the armor were creeping up on the Estado Novo. Salazar had persisted with the unwieldy corporative state, which had seemed innovative in the 1930s but was growing into a patronage ridden bureaucracy. Reluctant to delegate, he also neglected to keep a close enough watch on the military, the ultimate guarantor of his regime. Portugal was fast becoming an anomaly in a world of western democracies and communist nations. Portugal was especially feeling this attitude by the start of the 1960s, owing to the regimes' refusal to renounce its overseas provinces in Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea, Timor, and Macao. Very large in comparison with Portugal's small European dimensions. Perhaps unavoidably, this led to partial ostracism during the era of decolonisation as the European powers were letting go of their colonial possesions. The British left Africa and Asia without much resistance, the French somewhat similar with exception of Algeria, as war rages between the French goverment and the Algerian bandits supported by Nasser and the USSR no doubt. Concering Portugal, a duel with the United States under President Kennedy occured in the early 1960s which Salazar saw in very personal terms: 'Either the Americans succeed in killing me or else I die, or else they will face years of struggle in order to put me down.' This anti-colonialism Salazar saw as a gimmick which could eventually give way to new forms of domination as the Arabs and Communists were already attempting to spread their Godless ideology of Marxism to Africa. His fears being comfirmed as 1961 saw the opening of black nationalist uprisings in the overseas provinces. However, unlike the rest of Europe, Portugal will not ceede its dominion. The Indians already having made a mockery of Portugal in 1961 when they invaded Goa. Portugal would not stand to suffer another disgrace and has thus began it's warpath against the terrorists and those who covet what is without a doubt Portugese. Guinea e nossa! Angola e nossa! Mozambique e nossa! Timor e nossa! Macao e nossa! P O R T U G A LN Ã OÉP E Q U E N OP A Í S!!![/sup]
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Arcanda, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[list][list][pre]K I N G D O M O F G R E E C E Β Α Σ Ί Λ Ε Ι Ο Τ Η Σ Ε Λ Λ Ά Δ Α Σ[/pre][/list][/list]
[list][list][list]ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΌΣ ΤΟΥΡΙΣΜΌΣ - HELLENIC TOURISM[/list][/list][/list]
[list][list][sub]GREEK TOURISM AT AN ALL TIME HIGH : HISTORICAL SITES PRESERVED[/list]
[list][list]JUNE, 1961[/sub][/list][/list]
| Greece had for a long time been one of the prime tourist destinations in the Mediterranean Sea, and now the government sets its sights on continuing to improve Greece's tourism, particularly Greece's beaches and ancient historical sites. From the white houses of Santorini to the beaches of Crete, to the ancient Acropolis in Athens, and the White Tower of Thessaloniki, Greece's tourism industry had seen an all-time high, as Greece's fastest-growing sector. The Ministry of Tourism based in Athens had received large amounts of funding from the Greek government, with most coming from the Dominion of Canada's ( Newauroria ) $500,000,000 investment into Greek civilian sectors in 1960. Several organizations had been formed to promote tourism to Greece, after all, Greece was one of the first countries to receive vast amounts of these types of travelers, the tourists. Organizations such as the GNTO, the Greek National Tourism Organization, along with independent tourism campaigns such as those launched by the Greek Line had been launched, and these campaigns, starting in the late 1950s, had worked. |
| In 1960 alone, 400,000 foreign visitors had visited the nation, a big jump from 1955's 200,000 visitors. This was partially due to several factors, the first being efforts by the late Prime Minister Papagos to improve civilian infrastructure, which created dozens of new modernized housing, including privately-owned accommodations, bought by private owners from the Greek Government. Along with this, dozens of hotels have been built up near historical sites, launched in 1951 in a program called "Xenia". These modern hotels took full advantage of the surrounding landscape, beautifully blending in with its natural surroundings. Second, Greece's historical sites such as the Acropolis in Athens, the Temple of Zeus in Olympia, the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion, the Temple of Aphaia in Aegea, and many more have been preserved, with most sites now being opened to visitors. Lastly, tourism campaigns launched by sub-private companies such as the Greek Line had been launched, championing travel to Greece on Greece's ocean liners, such as the TSS Hellas and the TSS Byzantine, the flagships of the Greek civilian fleet. Slogans such as "Going to Greece is like coming home" had proved to be a big hit amongst visitors, which further increased the appeal to visit Greece. |
| Greek tourism was now at an all-time high, and to keep up with this growing number of visitors, several new projects have been launched by both the government and private owners. Chief among these projects was Greece's national airline - Olympic Airways. Olympic is owned by Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, and its planes connected Greece to the rest of Europe, which also brought around the modernization of airports such as the Ellinikon International Airport in Athens, Heraklion International Airport, Thessaloniki Airport "Makedonia", and the Rhodes-Maritsa Airport on the island of Rhodes have substantially been enlarged to further accommodate the growing number of visitors. Several deals have also been made to further increase and modernize Greece's rail transport, also essential to tourism. The recently reformed Hellenic State Railways had purchased twenty (20) DB Class V 200 Diesel Express Locomotives from Germany ( New Provenance ) and fifteen (15) JNR Class EF58 DC Electric Locomotives from Japan ( Nippon-Nihon ), with modernizations for Greece's railways also underway. It is safe to say that this sudden boom in Greek tourism had without a doubt continued and further bolstered the Greek economic miracle, and is integral for this new golden age for modern Greece. |
[list][list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler][/list][/list]
Arcanda, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Newauroria
[list]July 1961
[sub]Sultan Qabooss first state visits to the United Kingdom and the United States.[/sub][/list]
[sub]The modernization of Oman is going well and smoothly thanks to not only to the will and determination of the sultan and his people, but also from getting help from the United Kingdom and United States and their unconditional support in modernizing this ancient and great Arab nation in the gulf. Because of this, Sultan Qaboos bin Said announces in the middle of July that he will be taking his first state visit to Great Britain and the United States for diplomatic purpose and to strengthen ties with them. Qaboos hope that doing his trip to UK and US that he will secure their continue support in helping to modernize his country but also request one of them to help Oman to become a member of the United Nations (UN). His Majesty will be first visiting Great Britain and then will visit the United States and will leave for this state visits in the beginning of August.[/sub]
[sub]May this trip bring good news and tiding to both Sultan Qaboos and Oman.[/sub]
[spoiler="We must all work together to build a better, more peaceful and stable world.
Qaboos bin Said Al Said, Sultan of Oman
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Amsterwald, Cascadla, Ranponian, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Ngiera
July 1961 STABBING BY 11 YEAR OLD BOY LEAVES BENELUX WITH A NEW JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM AMID CRITICISM
On 17th January 1959, an 8 year old boy was found dead in the park. The suspect was identified as his brother, 11 years old. The case had huge emotional and political impact. There were voices for keeping juveniles in the adult penal system. Yet, this opinion did not prevail.
In an ambition plan towards protecting the rights and well-being of children, the Kaamer voted in favor of the groundbreaking "Law on Juvenile Justice."
The new legislation, which comes into effect from 1st January 1962, marks a significant shift in the treatment of children within the legal system.
The movement towards recognizing the unique vulnerabilities and developmental needs of children began in 1950, spearheaded by collaborations between esteemed medical and legal professionals. Extensive research and advocacy efforts have led to a collective acknowledgment that children below a certain age should not face adult trial processes, considering their evolving cognitive capacities and emotional maturity.
Under the provisions of the "Law on Juvenile Justice," children below the age of 13 will no longer be subject to adult trials, providing them with the chance to rehabilitate and reintegrate within society under more suitable conditions. Instead, a specialized juvenile judicial procedure has been instituted for felonies committed by juveniles, ensuring a tailored approach to justice that accounts for the unique circumstances of young offenders.
To facilitate the implementation of this progressive legislation, the Benelux will establish a Juvenile Detention Center. This facility will offer a supportive environment that prioritizes education, counseling, and social reintegration, providing young individuals with the opportunity to reform and build brighter futures.
Furthermore, in line with the nation's commitment to upholding the rights of children, a distinguished "Court of Children's Affairs"has been created. This court will be staffed with specially trained judges experienced in child psychology and juvenile law. Their primary focus will be to ensure the fair and compassionate administration of justice, promoting the welfare of the young individuals involved in legal proceedings.
Prime Minister Van der Meer, while hailing the law as a milestone in the nation's legal history, emphasized the government's dedication to nurturing a just and inclusive society.
The "Law on Juvenile Justice" stands as a testament to the Benelux's ongoing efforts to safeguard the welfare of its young populace and provide an equitable legal system that adheres to the principles of compassion and progress. The enactment of this transformative law reaffirms the nation's commitment to shaping a brighter and more resilient future for all its citizens.
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Amsterwald, Pontianus, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
[list][list][pre]K I N G D O M O F B E N E L U X - United Kingdoms of Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg[/pre][/list][/list]
BENELUX COMPANIES AND GOVERNMENT LOOK TO GREECE FOR MUTUAL BENEFITS IN TOURISM INDUSTRY
With Greek tourism on a remarkable upswing, the Benelux hotel industry is setting its sights on investing in this burgeoning market. Embracing the opportunity to cater to the increasing number of travelers flocking to Greece's stunning destinations, prominent hotel chains and tourism agencies have expressed keen interest in expanding their operations.
Famed hotel establishments in the Netherlands and Belgium, such as the luxurious "Queen Maria" and the charming "The Golden Lion" have emerged as frontrunners in the race to establish a presence in Greece. These reputable hotel brands, known for their world-class amenities and unparalleled hospitality, are actively exploring opportunities to contribute to Greece's thriving tourism landscape.
This growth in Greece has also meant that leading airlines "Royal Dutch Airlines KLM" and "Sabena Belgian Airlines" are gearing up to enhance the travel experience to Greece.
Both airlines have voiced their intent to offer exclusive and budget-friendly deals for travelers seeking to explore the wonders of Greece's ancient history, stunning islands, and picturesque beaches. These special deals aim to attract more tourists and create seamless travel experiences. The CEO of KLM, Bart Defruis and Sabena's CEO, Olivier Resneaux, are seeking investments by Greek tourism companies to cheapen tickets
"We always wanted to go to Greece because of weather and culture. It combines both. And I really hope that people like us can afford it through these new deals by KLM or Sabena." - The Van Kipp family from Amsterdam.
In a bold move to further strengthen the ties between the Netherlands and Greece, the Dutch tourism board has put forth a visionary proposal. The proposal advocates for a bilateral agreement of mutual promotions, aiming to foster collaboration between the tourism industries of both nations. By jointly promoting each other's attractions, cultures, and offerings, this agreement seeks to bolster tourism from both countries.
"The agreement is simple. KLM and Sabena will make special deals for Greece and Olympic Airways will do the same for Benelux !" says the chairman of KLM.
Experts predict that the alliance between the Dutch hotel industry, airlines, and the Greek tourism sector will yield substantial benefits for both nations. As members of the European Community, the Netherlands and Greece anticipate a significant increase in tourist influx, further enriching the cultural exchange and economic ties between the two countries.
The rising tide of Greek tourism and the Dutch hotel industry's enthusiastic response signal a promising era of collaboration and growth. As travelers seek enchanting experiences, the Benelux and Greece are poised to flourish together, creating unforgettable memories for tourists from around the world.
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Newauroria
[list][list]JULY 1961
[sub]Violence Against Women Act[/sub][/list]
[pre] O R D E M E P R O G R E S S O [/pre]
[list][sub][pre]Hail, precious banner of hope!
Hail, august symbol of peace!
Thy noble presence to our minds
The greatness of our motherland does bring.[/pre][/sub][/list]
BRASÍLIA, FEDERAL DISTRICT, Brazil Toucan MORNINGTIME
[sub]NATIONAL CONGRESS, MONUMENTAL AXIS[/sub]
| On June 7, 1960, for the first time in history, deputies from the Social Democratic Party, proposed a bill that will give protection to women who suffer domestic violence. But the more conservative members of the National Democratic Union (U.D.N), did not make it easy, they opposed the project, transforming the National Congress into a real boxing match. To make her bill a reality, Brazils President SARAH KUBITSCHEK, had to make several negotiations with various parties to support her bill, promising public office, there are assumptions that she even gave $2,000,000 to the U.D.N. On July 2, 1960, the Chamber of Deputies passed the bill 226-100 on its final reading. But in the Senate, it became more difficult, the project had a more detailed analysis and was almost not approved. |
| Her Vice President JOÃO JANGO GOULART, also Vice President of the Federal Senate, visited the Planalto Palace more times than the ministers. The Federal Senate has stronger patriarchal roots, which will force SARAH to be even more diplomatic and, if necessary, offer money and positions. While visiting some lower-class women, she was told that the bills chance of passing the Senate was extremely low. Some U.D.N. senators who do not support the idea of a woman occupying the presidential seat voted against the bill. The reason SARAH wanted U.D.N. support was that they had more seats in the Senate. After some meetings with senators, she got the necessary support for her project to be passed. On July 9, 1961, the Federal Senate finally passed the bill. The following day, at the Planalto Palace, alongside Womens Minister TEREZA DELTA, SARAH signed the bill that will come into force on August 10th. The Violence Against Women Act will establish a six-year prison sentence for abuse offenders, as well as domestic violence courts, and will require the establishment of 24-hour shelters for victims of domestic violence. Now the Brazilian government will guarantee protection to women who suffer domestic violence. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Tallahan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Newauroria
yo im new here
Cascadla
[list][pre]July, 1961 | Khartoum, Khartoum Province, The Republic Of Sudan[/pre]
ELECTIONS 61, AZHERI WINS SECOND TERM AS THE HEAD OF STATE[/list]
The fresh start that Sudan has gained from switching toward a greater system of democracy, upon the abolishment of the British monarchy that had maintained its sovereignty over the Sudanese people for the last 60 years, which was now putting the government of the people to the test. The constitutional committee had concluded that the three year election term that had started since 1946, must be continued past the commonwealth structure of government, with the elections of 1961 confirmed only a year into the birth of the new Republic.
This election was ultimately important, given that its main purpose was to cement the Republican constitution of 1959, which ushered in new bodies of the central government, such as the inauguration of the Provincial Council following the conclusion of the elections, with its main function being to allow the various provinces of Sudan to appoint three councilors to the new second wing of Parliament. Of course with the autonomous provinces being allowed to appoint their own representatives, some but not all provincial governments have opted to allow their citizens to be able to vote or influence via vote the provincial decision of Councilors appointees.
The overall political situation in Sudan has however shown little change over the last two years, mostly with the opposition having made no progress with acquiring popularity, votes, and seats in parliament. Meanwhile, the three parties under Azheris moderate coalition had appeared to have swapped seats amongst each other this election season, or more like a case of the Commonwealth Party having to concede five of its seats to its Liberal and Unionist counterparts, which pushed its position all the way down to fifth place amongst the six other parties, while elevating the Liberal Party far into the second position, just 11 seats behind the large Democratic Unionist Party.
1961 ELECTION RESULTS BY SEATS
150 Available Seats, 75 Seats Needed To Create Government
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) 38/150 Seats
Liberal Party (LP) 27/150 Seats
Sudanese Communist Party (SCP) 25/150 Seats
Umma Party (MUP) 25/150 Seats
Commonwealth Party (BCP) 20/150 Seats
National Homeland Party (SCP) 15/150 Seats
1961 PROVINCIAL COUNCIL RESULTS BY SEATS
45 Available Seats
(Only serves are a way for the 15 Provinces to voice their opinion as well as have power in the making and framing of national laws.)
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) 10/45 Councilors
Sudanese Communist Party (SCP) 9/45 Councilors
Umma Party (MUP) 9/45 Councilors
Liberal Party (LP) 8/45 Councilors
National Homeland Party (SCP) 6/45 Councilors
Commonwealth Party (BCP) 3/45 Councilors
https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1512291
https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1761675
[list]AL-NASRU LENA!
AL-NASRU LE SUDAN![/list]
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Vancouver Straits, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan
July 15, 1961
[sub]Newauroria EVENING[/sub]
v
|
Headline: Avro Canada and Horizon Motor Merge to Create Aero Horizon, Led by CEO Robert Stirling; Canadair and Vanguard Systems Unite to Form Apex Systems, Headed by CEO Johnathan Reynolds
By-line: July 15, 1961, Toronto
Introduction:
In a ground-breaking development in the defence and aerospace industries, Avro Canada and Horizon Motor have officially merged, giving rise to the dynamic entity Aero Horizon. Simultaneously, Canadair and Vanguard Systems have joined forces, creating the innovative Apex Systems. These strategic consolidations herald a new era in Canada's defence and aerospace sectors, combining top-notch expertise and resources to drive advanced technological breakthroughs and bolster national security capabilities.
In-depth Report:
The merger of Avro Canada and Horizon Motor has resulted in the formation of Aero Horizon, a powerhouse entity poised to lead Canada's defense and aerospace industries into an era of transformative progress. Guiding this dynamic venture is CEO Robert Stirling, a visionary leader known for his pioneering contributions to the aviation industry. With Avro Canada's rich legacy of aeronautical excellence and Horizon Motor's groundbreaking advancements in vehicle manufacturing, Aero Horizon is positioned to deliver cutting-edge aircraft and military vehicles, meeting the diverse needs of the Canadian Armed Forces and international partners.
Simultaneously, Canadair and Vanguard Systems have united to create Apex Systems, an influential force in the defense technology sector. Helmed by CEO Johnathan Reynolds, a seasoned expert with a track record of delivering innovative defense solutions, Apex Systems combines Canadair's reputation as a leading manufacturer of military aircraft with Vanguard Systems' expertise in state-of-the-art defense systems. This strategic partnership will drive research, development, and production of advanced defense technologies, including radar and missile systems, reinforcing Canada's national security capabilities.
Addressing the media at the announcement event, Aero Horizon CEO Robert Stirling expressed his enthusiasm for the newly formed entity. "Aero Horizon's merger marks the dawn of a new era in aerospace and defense. Our partnership brings together unparalleled talent and resources, enabling us to revolutionize aviation and military technology. With a shared commitment to excellence, we will deliver solutions that advance the security and prosperity of our nation and beyond."
CEO Johnathan Reynolds of Apex Systems echoed similar sentiments, emphasizing the company's dedication to innovation and cutting-edge defense solutions. "Apex Systems will be at the forefront of defense technology. The synergies between Canadair and Vanguard Systems will drive advancements that shape the future of national security. Together, we will forge a path towards a safer and more secure world."
The strategic consolidations of these industry leaders are poised to catalyze significant advancements in military technology, strengthening Canada's defense capabilities and solidifying the nation's position as a leader in the global aerospace and defense markets. The mergers are also expected to stimulate economic growth, create job opportunities, and foster a thriving industrial base in the country.
With regulatory approvals secured, both Aero Horizon and Apex Systems are on track to commence operations in the coming months. As these new entities embark on their journey as unified forces, they carry with them the aspirations of a nation united in its pursuit of technological excellence and national security.
Conclusion:
The merger of Avro Canada and Horizon Motor to form Aero Horizon, led by CEO Robert Stirling, and the consolidation of Canadair and Vanguard Systems into Apex Systems, guided by CEO Johnathan Reynolds, signal a transformative phase in Canada's defence and aerospace industries. These strategic unions bring together unmatched expertise and resources, propelling Canada's military capabilities and enhancing national security. Aero Horizon and Apex Systems are primed to lead the nation into an era of cutting-edge technological advancements, cementing Canada's position as a key player in the global aerospace and defence markets. As these new entities embark on their journey, they carry the hopes and aspirations of a nation united in its commitment to excellence and security.
|
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan
COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
C01/61
15th July 1961
Museum of History of Amsterdam
v.
State Secretary for Culture
[list]FACTS
In the Netherlands, a law enacted in 1939 grants the government the authority to regulate, restrict, prohibit, or levy taxes on the export of arts treasures listed in a decree by the State Secretary for Culture.
The export tax varies, ranging from 8% to 30%, depending on the classification of the arts treasures within the decree.
On January 28th, 1959, the prestigious Museum of History in Amsterdam sought to export several paintings by the esteemed Dutch painter, Claudio Nevila. One of the notable paintings included in the export declaration is titled "Serenade Under the Moon."
The Museum dutifully declared the paintings' intention for export to the State Secretary for Culture, who, in turn, imposed a 19% export tax on the value of the declared artworks.
Contending that the 19% export tax constitutes a tax with an equivalent effect to a customs duty, the Museum of Art of Amsterdam seeks to challenge the legality of this tax under the provisions of the European Community Treaty (EC Treaty).
[...]
RESULT
The court reaffirms the fundamental principle of primacy, which dictates that within the European legal framework, European Community law takes precedence over national laws. As a result, any conflicting national provisions that hinder the free movement of goods within the internal market must be set aside in favor of the principles and objectives of the European Community Treaty.
As opposed to other international treaties, the Treaty instituting the E.E.C. has created its own order which was integrated with the national order of the member-States the moment the Treaty came into force; as such, it is binding upon them. In fact, by creating a Community of unlimited duration, having its own institutions, its own personality and its own capacity in law, apart from having international standing and more particularly, real powers resulting from a limitation of competence or a transfer of powers from the States to the Community, the member-States, albeit within limited spheres, have restricted their sovereign rights and created a body of law applicable both to their nationals and to themselves. The reception, within the laws of each member-State, of provisions having a Community source, and more particularly of the terms and of the spirit of the Treaty, has as a corollary the impossibility, for the member-State, to give preference to a unilateral and subsequent measure against a legal order accepted by them on a basis of reciprocity.
Therefore, the law of 1939 on the restrictions of art exports, must be repealed, so far as it concerns the export tax towards other Member States.
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Newauroria
[list]May, 1961
[sub]Formations of a Nation[/sub][/list]
[list]MAY BUDGET FAILS TO PASS - BALEWA FACES NO-CONFIDENCE VOTE[/list][/list]
[list]| In a crucial parliamentary session, mostly surrounding the national budget, taking centre stage at the week-long session, the 1961 May Budget failed to pass through the Nigerian National Assembly, with a vote of 186 AYE to 212 NAY, with support from the conservative faction of the NFU falling through, with all bar 2 opposition MP's opposing the budget. Various reasons for the lack of parliamentary support come from it's lack of state investment, U-turn on housing commitments, no infrastructure modernisation efforts until 1965 and little to no investment into education and healthcare, key areas that the more left-leaning MP's and political factions were vying for. Losing the budgets vote is not only a big loss in the front of reform and modernisation, but also on the front of Balewa's political legacy - a no-confidence vote. While not impossible to avoid, it is highly likely that a combined front of opposition MP's and NFU MP's will arrange an emergency session in the coming days to oust the Prime Minister in a no-confidence vote. If successful, a snap election will called once Balewa resigns. |
| With the failure to pass, the government will go on a month-by-month basis of Tax and Spend, which will not be voted on but approved by a majority vote in the cabinet. This will go on until the 1962 May Budget, in which if a no-confidence vote is a success, could see Nnamdi Azikiwe, Minister of the Interior and pro-west conservative take centre-stage. If the confidence vote sees the ousting of Balewa, it will likely see a snap election called by the interim government, likely to lead by a single nomination of Balewa. If a snap election is called, it could result in the NFU, a growing faction in the coalition, emerging in a power-grab against the remaining centrist loyalists. However, in the bigger picture, successionist movements could become a much bigger problem for the Balewa adminitrsation. While still a blow to their economic reform and vision for Nigeria, he will now solely focus on surviving the no-confidence vote, and if he is successful in his bid for a full term, the NFU still pose a political threat to reform on an economic and political side. |
| Not only did the budget fail to pass, delaying economic reform, but big investments for school's, colleges, infrastructure and other key public service upgrades were delayed until the end of the Summer, and Balewa is becoming increasingly frustrated with the political infulence the NFU have acquired, citing them the reason for the blocking economic reform and investment for political gain rather than economic opposition. After his defeat in the budget vote, he would hold an emergency cabinet meeting to discuss his 5 Missions - more an attempt to revert media exposure from the vote to these economic reforms. While they still needed to be voted on at a regional and national level, the 5 missions are laid out here:
[list][*]Reforming the complex tax system.
[*]Nation-wide infrastructure investment using PPFI funds.
[*]Removal of 50% of all regional and local advisory bodies.
[*]Creation of a Unified Federal Army.
[*]New house building investment fund to be enacted across the nation.[/list]
| While ambitious, Balewa still faces challenges ahead, and with his failed May budget in the forefront of MP's minds, could the first Nigerian PM be ousted by a growing faction of conservatives, as regionalism and the radical movement of Nigerian Secular Socialism begin to flare up amid failed reform and a seemingly incompetent government unable to deliver their promises.. |
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Newauroria
[list]July 1961
[sub]Mende's Gamble[/sub][/list]
[pre]E I N I G K E I T U N D R E C H T U N D F R E I H E I T[/pre]
MENDE'S FREE DEMOCRATS
[sub]BONN, THE FEDERAL CAPITAL, New Provenance - AFTERNOON[/sub]
| The affable and good-natured Erich Mende had ascended to lead the social liberals and economic liberals of the Free Democratic Party, or the FDP. Founded in 1948 by a loose coalition of politicians formerly members of Germany's liberal corps, the FDP served as kingmaker from 1949 to the present, being the center-right Christian Democratic Union's junior coalition partner and facilitating for Konrad Adenauer's and later Kurt Georg Kiesinger's rise to power. Despite its socially liberal alignment (closer to the center-left SPD in this regard), the FDP continued to align with the Christian Democrats (due to similarities on economic policy and market views) in the 1949, 1953, and 1957 elections. Franz Blucher and Erich Mende had both served as close allies of the CDU and CSU, with Mende in particular developing a reportedly "firm" working relationship with Kiesinger since he ascended from Minister-President to Federal Chancellor. |
| However, the current state of the race as indicated by new polling below would change the political calculus of the race instantly. |
[list][pre]AGGREGATE POLLING AS OF 17 JULY 1961 - GERMAN FEDERAL ELECTION
Kurt Georg Kiesinger - Christian Democratic Union - 43% (-)
Willy Brandt - Social Democratic Party - 41% (no change)
Erich Mende - Free Democratic Party - 9% (+)
Reinhold Meier - German Democratic Party - 6% (-)
Independent candidates - 1% (-)[/pre][/list]
| The Christian Democrats were slipping in the polls. From June to July, they had decreased by 2%, with the FDP gaining from the CDU's loses. Analysts and pundits had initially tagged Reinhold Meier's German Democrats as the party where unsatisfied CDU voters would go. Now, it appeared, the FDP was benefiting from this unique category of voters. The CDU now rested at 43%, just two percentage points up from Brandt and the SPD's 41%, while the Free Democrats stood at a strong 9%. The German Democrats were now a point down, at only 6%, while combined, Independent candidates were polling at 1% in the national vote. Thus, the FDP was faced with a curious possibility - if they aligned themselves with the SPD, they could hold a barebones coalition majority in the Bundestag. It would be the thinnest of margins, but enough to put Brandt as Chancellor - such an installment would be a monumental change in German politics, with Brandt now the politician closest to being the first non-CDU politician to serve as Chancellor. |
| Erich Mende and his party leadership, then, were now faced with a conundrum. They could on one hand continue to support their firm center-right Christian Democratic allies, who they expected to maintain their plurality of seats and thus the strongest chance at forming a consolidated government. Mende had worked with Kiesinger, and found him agreeable enough on most issues, except for on social issues where the two parties diverged ever so slightly. On the other hand, the FDP could defect from their long-time allies and, if polling were to hold, form a barebones coalition government with the Social Democratic Party, installing Willy Brandt as the first non-CDU chancellor of the Federal Republic in its history. While the CDU would certainly be angered at such a move, Mende understood that the SPD saw the FDP as their only path to a government, considering current polling showed that they were far from securing the absolute majority they dreamed of. With such a barebones margin for an SPD-FDP coalition, Mende could extract additional concessions - potentially meaning he could advance both his socially liberal and economically liberal policies. |
| Mende spent weeks pondering the issue. Throughout it all, he dodged questions from the press regarding how the FDP was planning to align itself in the coming election. Both parties were already making their quiet overtures to Mende and the FDP as polling became increasingly clear that Mende would be the kingmaker this election. Kiesinger and the Christian Democrats agreed to FDP amendments on the comprehensive science and education package, which with FDP support would now be able to advance another part of Kiesinger's summer agenda through to signing. Brandt and the SPD passed new policy platforms on the economy, changing language that were more friendly towards the FDP's pro-market freedom stances. Pundits discussed Mende's silence around the issue of his planned alignment and took it as a sign that he had already picked a side and was actively working with them to secure as strong a majority in the Bundestag as possible. |
| But to the surprise of everyone, Mende finally unveiled his gamble in the middle of July, with the election just about a month away, more or less. Speaking with citizens at a town hall in Munich, Mende stated: |
[list]"We have no pre-planned party alignment. We will look at the results, and decide which party, and which candidate for chancellor, we believe is the best choice for Germany going forward."[/list]
| The statement was blatantly made to be strictly neutral in all senses of the world, but Kiesinger and the Christian Democrats were the greatest losers here. The FDP had shifted from openly supporting their coalition partners in the election campaign cycle to being quiet on the issue - a potential sign of a shift to the SPD? Mende was quick to dismiss it; perhaps too quick. Kiesinger responded to the statement indirectly the next day, telling reporters that he was confident that the German people would "make the right choice and choose advancement, not hindrance to progress". The Chancellor also confirmed that he intended to push legislative sessions as far as he could into late July, worrying CDU lawmakers and SPD deputies who were all in dire need to campaign in their home districts. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Newauroria
Communist Romanian Triumph: SovRoms Closing, Paving the Path to National Sovereignty
July 1961
Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
| Comrade General Secretary of The Communist Party of Romania, President of The Presidium of The Great National Assembly, President of The Socialist Republic of Romania, and Supreme Commander of The Peoples Army, beloved and esteemed son of all Romanian people, Constantin Rotaru, has recently, through a Presidential decree, approved the forced gradual closing and nationalization of the SovRoms after failures to reach Moscow for 7 years.
| Since the end of The Second World War, Romania has maintained a close relationship with the Soviet Union, shaped by ideological alignment and shared economic interests. At first, the establishment of SovRoms allowed for joint industrial and commercial ventures between the two nations, fostering economic cooperation and integration. After years passed it has become more and more visible that SovRoms are nothing but ventures meant to drain The Socialist Republic of Romania and it`s people of it`s hard worked resources, machinery and crops.
| The Genius of The Carpathians, Constantin Rotaru and the Ministers of Internal, Foreign and Industry & Economics engaged in discussions regarding the topic of SovRoms in late June/Early July 1961.
His excellency, Comrade Constantin Rotaru has also held an important speech in front of members of The Central Committee of The Communist Party of Romania and the Council of Ministers, highlighting the full closure of the SovRoms by December 1963 and the importance of Romanian self sufficiency.
"...The SovRoms, while once a necessary bridge to support our nation, have become a reminder of our past reliance on external powers. We have outgrown the need for such ventures, and with that, we embrace a new era of self-reliance and assertiveness. The goal and will of the Romanian people, is to stand tall as a nation capable of charting its own destiny, free from the shackles of foreign influence..."
"Traiasca Partidul Comunist Roman in frunte cu al sau Secretar General, Tovarasul Constantin Rotaru, iubit si stimat conducator al Republicii Socialiste Romania!"
July 1961
Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Newauroria
Galati Steel Works - A Glorious Leap Towards Socialist Prosperity!
July 1961
Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
| The Socialist Republic of Romania, under the visionary leadership of "The Genius of The Carpathians", Constantin Rotaru, has unveiled an ambitious and historic plan for the construction of the Galati Steel Works. This monumental project, approved by Comrade Constantin Rotaru and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania, is set to become the largest steel plant in the nation. The Galati Steel Works is poised to play a pivotal role in Romania's industrial growth, economic prosperity, and further strengthen the nation's commitment to socialist principles.
| The decision to construct the Galati Steel Works comes as a response to the rapid industrialization and development goals set forth by the Communist Party of Romania under the guidance of the dear leader, Comrade Constantin Rotaru. His Excellency`s vision for Romania's future envisions a self-reliant and robust socialist economy that can effectively meet the needs of its people while maintaining independence from external influences.
| The primary objective of the Galati Steel Works is to significantly boost Romania's steel production capacity, reduce dependency on imports, and foster a self-sustaining industrial base. The new steel plant aims to provide a solid foundation for Romania's heavy industries, infrastructure development, and technological advancements, contributing to the country's overall economic strength and reinforcing its position on the world stage.
The Galati Steel Works will be located in the city of Galati, strategically situated on the Danube River, providing essential transportation links for raw materials and finished products. The plant will occupy a vast area and employ state-of-the-art equipment and technology, in line with the principles of socialist advancement.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- The Galati Steel Works is slated to have an initial annual production capacity of 3 million tons of steel. This unprecedented scale will enable Romania to meet its domestic demands and foster opportunities for steel exports, boosting the nation's foreign trade.
- The construction and operation of the steel plant will create thousands of job opportunities, allowing Romanian workers to actively participate in the nation's industrial growth and progress.
- The Galati Steel Works will incorporate the latest technological advancements in steel production, making it an epitome of modern socialist engineering.
- The project will necessitate the expansion and improvement of transportation, energy, and logistical infrastructure in and around Galati, contributing to regional development and prosperity.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Construction of the Galati Steel Works is set to commence in early 1962. A dedicated team of engineers, laborers, and experts will work tirelessly to ensure the timely completion of the project by 1968. This ambitious timeline demonstrates the Socialist Republic of Romania's unwavering commitment to achieving its development goals promptly and efficiently.
"Traiasca Partidul Comunist Roman in frunte cu al sau Secretar General, Tovarasul Constantin Rotaru, iubit si stimat conducator al Republicii Socialiste Romania!"
July 1961
Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Newauroria
LESSONS LEARNT IN JOINT WARSAW PACT EXERCISES
19th July, 1961
As a result of lessons learnt during the joint exercise in the Nations western regions, the Yugoslav Armed Forces published a New Organization plan to be enacted from July 25th onwards. It found that the existing size of Infantry Divisions was too large in a practical sense, which during exercises led to sluggish strategic response times to movements undertaken by their Soviet competitors. Additionally the number of transport vehicles available to all involved Divisions was inadequate for offensive operations, though it was capable of sustaining defensive operations with proper throughput of men and equipment.
To tackle the issues found by the Exercises and the following Ministry of Defense Investigation, Divisions shall be reformed into the following three formations :
Infantry Division
- Personnel : 17,700 (reduction from 19,150)
- Horses : 0 (reduction from average of 800 per Division)
- Passenger Cars (Jeeps Primarily) : 415 (increase from 195)
- Trucks (All Types) : 1,215 (increase from 718)
- APCs : 42 (increase from 0)
- Light Tanks (Recon.) : 9 (increase from 0)
- Tanks (MBT.) : 0 (decrease from 34)
- Machine Guns : 612 (increase from 401)
- Mortars : 142 (increase from 112)
- Infantry Guns : 24 (increase from 20)
- Anti-Tank Guns : 72 (increase from 38)
- Artillery : 48 (increase from 42)
- Anti-Aircraft (guns) : 18 (increase from 12)
Motorized Division
- Personnel : 16,500 (reduction from 19,150)
- Passenger Cars (Jeeps Primarily) : 712 (increase from 568)
- Trucks (All Types) : 1,700 (increase from 1,540)
- APCs : 142 (increase from 112)
- Light Tanks (Recon.) : 30 (increase from 8)
- Tanks (MBT.) : 0 (decrease from 82)
- Machine Guns : 602 (increase from 513)
- Mortars : 136 (increase from 102)
- Infantry Guns : 26 (increase from 22)
- Anti-Tank Guns : 72 (increase from 42)
- Artillery : 48 (increase from 42)
- Anti-Aircraft (guns) : 18 (increase from 12)
Armored Division
- Personnel : 11,750 (increase from 10,650)
- Passenger Cars (Jeeps Primarily) : 512 (increase from 402)
- Trucks (All Types) : 1,400 (increase from 1,150)
- APCs : 185 (increase from 93)
- Light Tanks (Recon.) : 101 (increase from 62)
- Tanks (MBT.) : 312 (increase from 282)
- Machine Guns : 226 (increase from 124)
- Mortars : 48 (decrease from 62)
- Infantry Guns : 8 (decrease from 12)
- Anti-Tank Guns : 48 (increase from 12)
- Artillery : 28 (increase from 22)
- Anti-Aircraft (guns) : 18 (increase from 14)
Mechanized Divisions are to be disbanded entirely, converted into Motorized Divisions while the resulting surplus of APCs are to be rolled into the new Armored Divisions which now would be in desperate need of more such vehicles. The changes overall would allow for each of the three new baseline formations a much more flexible deployment of its fighting power, while the large scale increase of trucks and other transport vehicles would permit a comfortable cushion of logistics vehicles capable of sustaining supply to fighting men.
Further, during exercises it was found that while horses and donkeys enabled formations to deploy static weapons such as howitzers into hard to reach areas more easily, when in an offensive rather than defensive operation the slow nature of animals led to many such weapons being left far behind the fighting spearhead and as a result the division overall being spread out over a large area, something which negated all benefits of having versatile animals (as a result animals shall be phased out entirely).
Machine guns it was found were not deployed in sufficient numbers to achieve a proper ratio between infantry and support weapons, something Soviet competitors during the exercises exploited fully especially during their offensive round, as this meant Yugoslav Troops had a much harder time on the defensive against machine-gun heavy Soviet formations. Machineguns across all three formations were therefore to be increased.
Rutannia, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Cascadla, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Newauroria
is there a discord
Cascadla
[list][list][pre]E U R O P E A N C O M M U N N I T Y[/pre][/list][/list]
[list][list][list]DIRECTION OF EXTERNAL ACTION[/list][/list][/list]
[list][list][sub]EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ANNOUNCES INTENTION FOR TALKS WITH YUGOSLAVIA[/list]
[list][list]JULY 1961[/sub][/list][/list]
The European Community (EC) takes a proactive step towards fostering economic cooperation and regional integration by announcing its readiness to engage in talks with Yugoslavia for a potential trade agreement. As part of the EC's commitment to advancing mutually beneficial trade relations, the agreement's content will be contingent on the extent to which the Yugoslavian government opens its market.
The envisioned trade agreement holds significant promise for bolstering economic ties between the European Community and Yugoslavia. The EC's objective is to establish a framework that facilitates seamless trade and commerce, promoting the exchange of goods and services to the mutual advantage of both parties.
Key Aspects of the Potential Trade Agreement:
Principle of Most Favorable Nation from GATT: The trade agreement will adhere to the principles of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Embracing the "Most Favorable Nation" principle, the EC aims to ensure that concessions and benefits offered to one trading partner are equally extended to all GATT signatories.
Market Opening and Liberalization: The successful conclusion of the agreement will depend on the degree to which the Yugoslavian government opens its market. The EC seeks to foster an environment conducive to trade, facilitating the flow of goods and services across borders and promoting fair competition.
Yugoslavia-Slovenia Detente: The progress and success of the talks will be significantly influenced by the state of detente between Yugoslavia and Slovenia. A favorable atmosphere of cooperation and understanding between the two nations will serve as a catalyst for advancing the trade discussions.
The EC anticipates commencing the talks with Yugoslavia in January 1962, laying the groundwork for productive negotiations that promote shared economic prosperity and reinforce diplomatic ties. The potential trade agreement is a testament to the EC's commitment to open dialogue and constructive engagement with countries within and beyond the European region.
As the talks unfold, the European Community remains dedicated to promoting the principles of fair trade, market liberalization, and cooperation in pursuit of sustained economic growth and enhanced regional integration.
The Commission has nominated the Kingdom of Spain to provide a representative for the European Community in Yugoslavia.
[list][list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler][/list][/list]
Rutannia, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Newauroria
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
SUBDIVISIONS FOR TRADE
Group 1 - Europe
Group 2 - Eastern Block
Group 3 - Dominions of EU States (ACP : Africa Caraibe Pacific)
Group 4 - Africa North
Group 5 - Africa South
Group 6 - America North
Group 7 - America South
Group 8 - Middle East
Group 9 - South East Asia
Group 10 - Asia Pacific
Group 11 - Australasia
Pontianus, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan
Political Change Status
a Voting May Began
As İn 24 Hourst İt wil close
Political Change Will be Made
All The citizens in ganama Please vote for our state
"The voting will began in an hour"-President
[list][list][pre]K I N G D O M O F G R E E C E Β Α Σ Ί Λ Ε Ι Ο Τ Η Σ Ε Λ Λ Ά Δ Α Σ[/pre][/list][/list]
[list][list][list] ΝΌΜΟΣ ΠΕΡΊ ΝΑΥΤΙΚΉΣ ΕΠΈΚΤΑΣΗΣ ΤΟΥ 1961 - NAVAL EXPANSION ACT OF 1961[/list][/list][/list]
[list][list][sub]GREEK FLEET TO BE EXPANDED : PLANS FOR A 175 SHIP FLEET LAUNCHED[/list]
[list][list]JULY, 1961[/sub][/list][/list]
| Following intelligence reports of the Yugoslavian fleet now on the rise, with an estimated two dozen destroyers, six (6) cruisers, sixteen (16) submarines, and most threatening of all, two (2) Tito-class super cruisers, the Greek fleet was in a state of inferiority when compared to the Yugoslavian fleet. Although the Greek fleet comprised more vessels, these vessels were rather outdated when compared to the Yugoslavian one. Greco - Yugoslavian ( Ranponian ) relations had recently cooled down and had entered a stage of compliance on both sides, the last incident being in 1954 during the Pindus War. Most questioned if expanding the fleet was even necessary, as the Greco-Yugoslavian fleets were now neck and neck in terms of capability. However, continuing a trend that existed even during the times of the late Premier Metaxas in 1931, Greece was and still hoped to remain the biggest and most powerful fleet in the Balkans. Greeces fleet was also slowly becoming outdated, with her destroyers, particularly the once powerful Hydra-class, Canon-class, and Hunt-class destroyers now hopelessly outdated, with Greeces seven (7) Fletcher-class destroyers being the pride of the Greek destroyer fleet. However, this was considerably lacking in terms of number, especially when compared to Yugoslavias twenty-seven (27) modern destroyers. |
| Initially planned for 1959, on the 10th of July 1961, the Greek Naval Expansion Act of 1961 was passed by the Greek government, with efforts to pass the act spearheaded by the late former Prime Minister Alexandros Papagos, current Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis, HM King Pavlos and his son HRH Crown Prince Constantine. The primary goal of the Naval Expansion Act was to further bolster Greeces destroyer fleet, in which the recent purchase of ten (10) Acclamator-class destroyers from the Dominion of Canada ( Newauroria) ), was part of. There were also plans of purchasing at the most, five (5) Fletcher-class destroyers from the United States ( Paramountica ), however, this was only a plan. As for cruisers, Greeces singular light cruiser, the RHMS Elli, built even before the war by the Italians and ceded to Greece as a war prize was quickly aging, and Greeces two (2) armored cruisers, the RHMS Georgios Averof, and the RHMS Ioannis Metaxas were only commissioned ceremonially, both being built even before the First Balkan War. To replace these vessels by 1965 at the earliest, a design was drafted up, based on interwar and post-war cruiser designs, however fitted with modern weaponry. What came out of the design was the Heraklion-class heavy cruiser. Initially designed as a light cruiser, there were plans for six (6) Heraklion-class heavy cruisers to be domestically produced in Greece, to rival the Yugoslavian Kirov-class cruisers. All six are expected to be completed by 1968. Several foreign submarines were also considered to be purchased by the Greek government. |
| However, the primary focus of the Naval Expansion Act was for Greece to have a one hundred-seventy-five (175) ship fleet by the year 1975. This changed Greeces naval doctrine from focusing on fewer heavy capital ships to lighter and more agile vessels. Although costly, it is expected that most of the ships purchased and built during this period, with modernizations of course, are still to be used by the Royal Hellenic Navy well into the twenty-first century. |
| For reference to the current fleet of the Royal Hellenic Navy, refer to the following dispatch: |https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1650895
[list][list] [spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler][/list][/list]
Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Newauroria
[list]August 1961
[sub]Sultan Qaboos arrived at the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.[/sub][/list]
[sub]In the beginning of August, Sultan Qaboos bin Said has landed in London, the capital of Great Britain Gb where he will begin his first state visits. As he was walking down from the plane he was greeted by both Omanis living in the UK who came to see their new Sultan for the first time. Qaboos enters into the limousine and was escorted by black cars driven by British secret service to the PM residence. Once he arrived, Sultan Qaboos was greeted with a warm welcome by UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan who took the sultan to his audience room in his estate. For three days the sultan and the PM were having talks and conversations concerning UK support his country in modernization and in the end good things came out of the talk. PM Harold Macmillan told Qaboos that UK will continue to help Oman in modernization. Sultan Qaboos left the UK in early August and is now heading toward the United States.[/sub]
[spoiler="We must all work together to build a better, more peaceful and stable world.
Qaboos bin Said Al Said, Sultan of Oman
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
Hello kind strangers! My knights and I have travelled long and far from England, on a quest to find the Holy Grail. Might we enjoy the hospitality of your halls, and bread and mead by your hearth?
Historic Economic Accord Unites Italy and Romania in Flourishing Trade Partnership!
August 1961
Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
| In a momentous event in the capital city of Bucharest, the Socialist Republic of Romania and the Kingdom of Italy came together inside the Cotroceni Presidential Palace in Bucharest, to sign an important trade deal aimed at fostering economic cooperation and benefiting both nations. This historic occasion saw the beloved and esteemed leader of Romania, Comrade Constantin Rotaru, General Secretary of The Communist Party of Romania, President of The Presidium of The Great National Assembly, President of The Socialist Republic of Romania, and Supreme Commander of The Peoples Army, fondly known as "The Genius of The Carpathians," welcoming the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Antonio Segni, along with trade delegations from renowned Italian companies FIAT, ENI, and Ansaldo.
This marked the first occasion when The Socialist Republic of Romania held talks with a country inside the European Community.
| The signing ceremony commenced with a warm and cordial welcome extended by Comrade Constantin Rotaru to Minister Antonio Segni and the esteemed Italian delegation. This gathering took place in a beautifully adorned hall within the Palace of the Republic, symbolizing the unity of the two nations.
In his opening address, His Excellency, Comrade Constantin Rotaru, emphasized the long-standing friendship between the Romanian and Italian people. He lauded the progress achieved by both nations over the years and expressed his unwavering commitment to strengthening bilateral ties through mutually beneficial agreements.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Automotive Collaboration with FIAT: Romania and Italy construct a vehicle plant in Timisoara, Romania. ITAROM (Interprinderea Vehicula Italo-Romana Timisoara). The factory is to produce Italian FIAT models of Trucks and will be split between the FIAT group and the Romanian State, 40% share for the FIAT group and 60% for the Romanian state. The FIAT 682 Truck will be produced in Romania under the name ITAROM 682, the FIAT 690N under the name ITAROM 690N the FIAT 690T under the name ITAROM 690T. The Socialist Republic of Romania, for the first 5 years after the trade deal (until 1966), will get the necessary pieces and parts of the Truck models, imported from Italy, and after that period of 5 years will buy the licenses to the Truck pieces to be manufactured in The Socialist Republic of Romania.
Energy Partnership with ENI: The deal encompasses an energy partnership with ENI, aimed at harnessing Romania's natural resources for sustainable energy production in The Kingdom of Italy. This collaboration seeks to bolster Romania's energy independence and contribute to Italy's energy security. The Socialist Republic of Romania, with a production of 47.000 barrels of crude oil every day, will export to The Kingdom of Italy 17.000 barrels of crude oil for every week, with the possibility of a decreased demand, and, after the planned 1962 chemical and petroleum industry reform, the possibility of an increased demand.
Heavy Machinery + Respective Licenses acquisition from Ansaldo: Ansaldo Heavy Industries will provide Romania with licenses for the manufacturing of high-power industrial engines and turbines. This technological transfer will allow Romania to enhance its industrial capabilities and promote self-sufficiency in the production of critical machinery.
By establishing the manufacturing facility at the newly formed IMGB Industrial Platform (Heavy Machinery Company Bucharest), Romania seeks to strengthen its domestic heavy machinery industry. The production of turbines and industrial engines will create job opportunities, drive economic growth, and foster innovation within the country.
The acquisition of advanced turbines will enable Romania to improve its energy infrastructure. The turbines can be utilized in power generation plants, supporting the nation's goals for sustainable and reliable energy sources.
Cultural Diplomacy between the two nations and their people: The Socialist Republic of Romania will open Italian cultural centers in the largest cities of each Romanian region; Muntenia-Bucharest, Moldavia-Iasi, Transylvania-Cluj. Romanian pupils will have the option to choose Italian as an optional language along with English, German and Russian.
The Kingdom of Italy will promote and teach Italian pupils about the close Italian and Romanian linguistic and historical ties, and recognizes the people of the Moldavian SSR and the Chernivtsi Oblast in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic as Romanians, not as Vlachs or Moldavians, strengthening the Latin and Roman ties between the two nations.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
| The trade deal signing ceremony between the Socialist Republic of Romania and the Kingdom of Italy ended with a short speech by beloved and esteemed leader, Comrade Constantin Rotaru, The Genius of The Carpathians, thanking the FIAT, ENI, Ansaldo and the Italian government for their visit to Bucharest, collaboration with the Romanian State and openness to develop relations with countries of the Eastern Bloc.
"Traiasca Partidul Comunist Roman in frunte cu al sau Secretar General, Tovarasul Constantin Rotaru, iubit si stimat conducator al Republicii Socialiste Romania!"
August 1961
Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
March to August 1961
[sub]Newauroria Morning[/sub]
v
|
Headline: Ambitious Great Northern Railway Project Sets Sights on Transforming Canada's Transportation Landscape
Byline: March to August 1961, Vancouver, Canada
Introduction: An audacious and historic endeavor is set to reshape Canada's transportation landscape as three nationsCanada (Newauroria), Germany (New Provenance), and the United States (Paramountica) join forces in the creation of the Great Northern Railway. This visionary project aims to connect major cities across Canada's Northern provinces through an extensive railway system. With each country contributing its unique expertise, resources, and technologies, the Great Northern Railway is poised to become one of the most significant railway projects in history, spanning a vast length of approximately 5900 to 6000 kilometers.
In-depth Report: The Great Northern Railway project is a collaborative effort that leverages the strengths and capabilities of three nationsCanada, Germany, and the United Statesto create a transformative railway system. Spearheaded by the dedicated delegatesCanadian Ambassador Robert Thompson, German Ambassador to Canada Herbert Siegfried, and American Ambassador to Canada Charles L. Andersonthe project aims to link major cities and provinces in Canada's Northern regions, unlocking new economic opportunities and bolstering transportation infrastructure.
The first phase of the project, highlighted in neon green, envisions a vital route between Vancouver, Edmonton, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg. This crucial railway corridor will serve as the backbone of the Great Northern Railway, facilitating the movement of goods, people, and resources between these significant hubs.
Simultaneously, the second phase, depicted in dark blue, charts a route from Vancouver to Prince Rupert, Telegraph, and finally, Whitehorse. This expansion opens up previously isolated areas, fostering economic growth and connectivity.
The third stage, represented in brown, establishes a route from Edmonton to Athabasca, Fort McMurray, Fort McKay, and Fort Chipewyan. By penetrating deeper into the Northern Territories, this phase enhances access to vital resources and establishes crucial links for remote communities.
Finally, the fourth phase, highlighted in light blue, aims to connect Fort Chipewyan to Uranium City through Camsell Portage. This extension further solidifies Canada's logistical capabilities in its northern provinces and lays the groundwork for future expansions.
The estimated length of the Great Northern Railway, ranging from 5900 to 6000 kilometers, is a testament to the scope and magnitude of the project. With a budget of 1.5 billion dollars and the flexibility to extend it to 2.2 billion, the endeavor demonstrates the commitment of each participating nation.
Germany, providing 25% of the budget, brings its expertise in locomotives and advanced rail technologies. The United States, contributing 35% of the budget, supplies the vast railway tracks required for this monumental undertaking. Canada, providing 40% of the budget, leverages its manpower and abundant resources to fuel the project's success.
In a series of meetings held in Vancouver between March and August 1961, the delegates collaborated on strategy, logistics, and funding. Each nation recognized the strategic significance of the Great Northern Railway, not only as an essential transportation link but also as a symbol of cooperation and unity among nations.
The project's visionary scope is underscored by its potential to revolutionize Canada's transportation infrastructure. By facilitating seamless connectivity between cities and provinces, the Great Northern Railway will invigorate trade, tourism, and commerce, thus enriching the lives of countless Canadians.
As the Great Northern Railway takes shape, it embodies the spirit of international collaboration and shared vision. The seamless integration of each country's contributions has laid a strong foundation for success. This historic railway project symbolizes progress, prosperity, and unity, ushering in a new era of connectivity and development for Canada's Northern regions.
In conclusion, the Great Northern Railway project represents a transformative initiative that brings together the collective resources, expertise, and technologies of Canada, Germany, and the United States. This visionary endeavor is set to create a vast railway system connecting major cities in Canada's Northern provinces, revolutionizing transportation infrastructure and driving economic growth. As the project gathers steam, the nations involved stand united in their commitment to shaping a more connected and prosperous future for Canada and beyond.
|
[spoiler=[sub]Economy[/sub]
The Great Northern Railway
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Rutannia, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list][pre]P E O P L E ' S R E P U L I C O F B U L G A R I A Н а р о д н а Р е п у б л и к а Б ъ л г а р и я
[/pre][/list]
RABOTNICHESKO DELO - SPECIAL REPORT
[list][sup]STATE COUNCIL APPROVES PLAN TO DECOLLECTIVIZE AGRICULTURE
JANUARY 1961[/sup][/list]
Sofia, People's Republic of Bulgaria The State Council of the People's Republic of Bulgaria has taken a momentous step towards charting a new course for the country's agricultural sector. Building upon the recommendations of the Peoples Economic Reform and Justice Committee (PERJ) following their research mission to Yugoslavia, the State Council has announced plans to decollectivize agriculture, through a Bulgarian adapted model of the Yugoslav Agricultural System, over the course of 1961-1965.
The nation is engulfed in grief, as the loss of Comrade Zhivkov is deeply felt by all. However, amidst this sorrow, the Bulgarian people find solace in the unity and resilience of their revolutionary spirit. Comrade Dache's elevation to the presidency brings with it a renewed sense of hope and determination for a better future for all working people.
The PERJ's extensive study of Yugoslavia's unique socialist experiment with self-management has significantly influenced the State Council's vision for Bulgaria's agricultural future, and economic future generally. Drawing from the lessons learned during their tour of Eastern Bloc nations, the committee members have provided invaluable insights into the potential benefits of a decentralized and participatory economic model for the agricultural sector.
State Council President, Comrade President Dache, expressed his determination to revitalize the agricultural industry, which has seen declining growth and output over the past 2 decades, while remaining true to the principles of socialism. He emphasized that decollectivization would empower small farmers, promoting greater efficiency, innovation, and motivation among agricultural workers. The move is expected to increase overall productivity and output, leading to a more robust and sustainable agricultural sector that will ultimately benefit the working class.
The State Councils plan focuses on phased implementation, aimed at ensuring a smooth and stable transition away from State Collectivization. The transition will be overseen by the Economic Committee of the State Council in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and key stakeholders.
Key elements of the decollectivization plan will include:
1. Establishment of Agricultural Cooperatives: The State Council will encourage the formation of smaller-scale agricultural cooperatives, allowing farmers to work together voluntarily while retaining a degree of collective ownership. This approach aims to strike a balance between individual initiative and revolutionary socialism.
2. Land Redistribution: The State Council will oversee a fair and equitable redistribution of land, ensuring that each farmer has access to the resources needed for sustainable cultivation. This measure is intended to promote social justice and reduce disparities in land ownership.
3. Access to Resources and Technology: The State Council will work to provide adequate support and access to modern agricultural technology, seeds, fertilizers, and training, empowering farmers to increase yields and improve efficiency.
4. Price Stability: The State Council will implement measures to stabilize agricultural prices, safeguarding the interests of both farmers and consumers, and ensuring food security for the nation.
As the Government of Bulgaria moves forward with this revolutionary and visionary plan, it reaffirms its commitment to building a truly socialist and just society, one that embraces progress, fairness, and cooperation. The decollectivization plan is a historic milestone in Bulgaria's journey towards economic prosperity, rooted in the economic findings and insights provided by the Peoples Economic Reform and Justice Committee's mission in the Eastern Bloc.
Long live the Bulgarian socialist revolution!
Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list][list][list][pre]RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
FRENCH BUREAUCRACY
MINISTÈRE DE LINTÉRIEUR[/pre][/list]
______
MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR: FRANCE ENTERS WORLD ATOMIC CLUB AS MEMBER NO. 4
[sub]VTH REPUBLIC | PARIS, FEBRUARY-MAY 1960[/sub][/list]
[sub]| HELM OF LIBERTÉ, MINISTÈRE DE LINTÉRIEUR - | A radioactive cloud extended its cauliflower-like structure above the earth for the first time in 16 months. This time however it didn't come from within the U.S. Pacific Island Territories, or from behind the Soviet Iron Curtain. It came from within French Algeria in the Sahara desert region of Tanezrouft.[/sub]
[sub]A 300-foot latticed steel pylon in the North African desert was intended to explode at 6:30 a.m. using a robot control activated by perforated tape. The sky became brighter than day as a result of the eye-searing flash, and a mountain range on the horizon was illuminated like a backdrop. Two males were hurled to their faces in the Hammoudia blockhouse, ten miles away, as the shock wave spread outward. With this nuclear explosion, which was launched last week in the middle of the Sahara, France entered the world's Atomic Club as Member No. 4. President Charles de Gaulle, who is typically restrained, exclaimed, "Hurrah for France!" and gushed, "Since this morning she is prouder and stronger!" The red rock and sand testing location of Reggan, located about 750 miles southwest of Algiers and close to an ancient trade route connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Niger River, experienced nearly excellent weather, according to proud French officials.[/sub]
[sub]Although it was completely calm at ground level, winds blowing at 60 mph above 10,000 feet quickly dispersed high altitude radioactivity. Around 300 nomad tribesmen had already been captured by French patrols as they spread out across the area. Radar screens scanned the land and the air before the shooting, looking for any movement that would suggest endangered persons. The French said that there was little risk of fallout blowing toward populated regions at the time due to the direction of the winds. Despite this France was the only country that seemed to enjoy its great bang. Formal protests were planned by a number of countries. Some African governments threatened to seize French assets until it is understood how the explosion may have affected the region. Nigeria even decided it was necessary to station security personnel close to the French embassy.[/sub]
[sub]The United States, which had not assisted in any way and had not sent any observers, gave the most puzzling official response. The U.S. State Department refused to offer congratulations to an ally for a technological accomplishment and would only declare in a brief statement that the event was not "unexpected." It wasn't stated with whom this coy reluctance was meant to curry favor. Even if the opposition Labor Party criticized the French, Great Britain maintained their official ignorance. The French bomb, which was small and quite rudimentary, was only the 29th to go off in the previous 15 years, according to specialists from around the world. The cauliflower cloud in the desert, however, is seen by Frenchmen as another step on the Gaullist road to glory, which had recently been questioned due to France's inability to rule Algeria.[/sub]
[sub]A heavy water production facility near Toulouse is thought to be "a step toward exploding a fiery hydrogen bomb." The Gaullist U.N.R. Party's communique appeared to represent the views of the entire country of France: "In the world of tomorrow, the real independence of a nation rests essentially on the mastery of atomic energy." We can celebrate that France is a big power in every way because of the explosion at Reggan. The fact that a nation's standing is determined in this way is a fact, even though it may be a peculiarity of the 20th century. De Gaulle responded by saying he could not understand why France should be singled out for criticism when three other countries were stockpiling the nuclear capability to end all life on Earth. This was in response to those who condemned France for using such an expensive and destructive method of gaining power.[/sub]
[sub]President De Gaulle expressed skepticism about the historical instability of all alliances in a press conference last November and continued, "One can well imagine on some terrible occasion Western Europe being annihilated from Moscow and Central Europe from Washington while each of the two great antagonists decides not to launch its weapons against its main adversary to avoid being threatened itself." Charles de Gaulle claimed that France was thereby "rendering a service to the balance of the world." Whoever is selected to be Atomic Power No. 5 is likely to make a similar argument. Following Gerboise Bleue in February 1960, France carried out three more air tests in the Saharan Military Experiments Center at the Reggane facility until April 1961. They were exclusively "emergency devices," and their yields were purposefully kept to under 5 kilotons. |[/sub]
[sup]* (Shortly after the final Gerboise bomb (Gerboise Verte), the France would move its nuclear testing to the mountainous In Ekker region, which housed an underground facility.)[/sup]
[list]______[/list]
[list][list][pre]VIVE LA RÉPUBLIQUE!
VIVE LA FRANCE!
VIVE LEMPIRE![/pre][/list][/list]
[list][spoiler=[sub]𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐌
𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐘[/sub]]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list]MAY 1961
[sub]SOCIALIST UNITY PLAN[/sub][/list]
[pre]KAWAKAMI ENACTS PLAN TO STRENGTHEN THE SOCIALISTS AND UNIFY THE JAPANESE LEFT[/pre]
SOCIALIST PARTY HEADQUARTERS
[sub]TOKYO, Nippon-Nihon MORNING[/sub]
[sub]Jotaro Kawakami had led the Japan Socialist Party (JSP) since 1961, having been selected as the leader of the united Socialist Party after another consecutive landslide defeat of the opposition by the governing Liberal Democratic Party, or LDP. In the 1960 general elections, the JSP and other opposition parties had failed to take advantage of an apparently weak LDP, which was led at the time by the heavily polarizing Nobusuke Kishi. The Mitsui Miike mine incident had incited protests and demonstrations that provided the JSP and other parties with messaging to attack the LDP with, but the election delivered the LDP another mandate of governance, with 57.6% of the vote - a slight decrease in vote share, but a significant portion of votes nonetheless.[/sub]
[sub]While the public was generally against Kishi and his Cabinet, his party benefited from the appointment of Hayato Ikeda - a moderate who was serving as Finance Minister - as the partys standard bearer in the election. On the other hand, the LDP had been fractured into several different factions, each of which presented a different vision for Japans largest opposition party.[/sub]
[sub]Heading into the new legislative session this May, the JSP - now largely unified behind Jotaro Kawakami - was aiming to advance popular social programs, largely concerning worker safety in their workplaces and the development of advanced energy sources to keep the Japanese energy grid up-to-date and capable of sustaining the rapidly growing Japanese economy. The LDP had capitalized and dominated messaging of being the Party of the Strong Economy for years, and the JSP was now seeking to take over that role.[/sub]
[sub]From April to May of this year, Kawakami assembled the Japan Socialist Partys leadership for a national conference in Osaka to discuss the path forward for the party, especially when the next general election were to roll around. Japans electoral politics was known to be particularly unstable, with general elections usually held without notice or a set frequency, due to the unstable nature of Japanese politics. It was a uniquely Japanese feature - a political scene that was both comparably serene but also politically unstable at the same time.[/sub]
[sub]Later in May, Kawakami organized meetings with Suehiro Nishio, the leader of the Democratic Socialist Party of Japan, which had broken off from the JSP during its period of factionalism and had instigated a spoiler effect on the anti-LDP opposition vote in the last general election. Both Nishio and Kawakami rejected the possibility of unifying the two parties any time in the near future, but both had voiced interest in mutual cooperation in the Diet on key issues. While the meetings did not procure anything significant of agreement, both parties agreed to cooperate on legislation to tackle workers rights, welfare security and pensions, as well as energy.[/sub]
[sub]Immediately, Kawakami and his party leadership threw their support behind a plan to reform the Japan Socialist Party to expand its base of supporters, to hopefully garner a larger share of the vote in the coming election. Plans for intense cooperation with the Democratic Socialists and other opposition parties were also allegedly in the works, in a combined effort to hopefully oust the LDP in the next election cycle.[/sub]
[sub]However, the formidable nature of the Liberal Democrats, especially with stronger economic indicators than ever showing the Japanese economy expected to grow more than ever, seems to indicate that an ousting of Japans government by the popular vote does not seem at all possible, at least in the current political environment of the country.[/sub]
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list]August 1961
[sub]1961 Federal Election[/sub][/list]
[pre]E I N I G K E I T U N D R E C H T U N D F R E I H E I T[/pre]
THE 1961 ELECTION
[sub]BONN, THE FEDERAL CAPITAL, New Provenance - AFTERNOON[/sub]
| On Tuesday, the 15th of August, 1961, voting-age Germans across the country, numbering in the tens of millions, trooped peacefully to the polling stations across the country to cast their votes in this 1961 federal election. Four years ago, Konrad Adenauer and his center-right Christian Democratic Union party had garnered 14.9 million votes, or 49.7% of the vote. Under the proportional allocation system the Bundestag operates with, the CDU received 200 of the 201 seats necessary of an absolute majority. In the time since, the CDU has been governing with the support of the Free Democratic Party (FDP), German politics' third party and a longtime ally of the Christian Democrats. At the time, the expectation was that the CDU would, for the first time ever, secure its own majority, removing the need for the FDP as a coalition partner. Now, however, on election day, the election was competitive - practically a tossup. Polls showed the CDU only slightly ahead of the opposition center-left Social Democrats, led by the charming and charismatic Willy Brandt, Mayor of Berlin. Erich Mende, the moderate chief of the FDP, had declined to pledge support to either the CDU or the SPD, raising concerns that the FDP could support an SPD government if 'the results indicate interest in a change of government'. |
| Exit polls released after polling stations were closed indicated that the CDU were expected to win between 45-46% of the vote, while the SPD were projected to secure 41-43%. The FDP, meanwhile, were expected to garner between 8-11% of the vote, while the German Democratic Party (DPD) was expected to garner 1-3%. As votes were counted manually by the tens of thousands of volunteers, the various parties watched for the results anxiously. Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger faced his first ever federal election today, and there were concerns his dull personality and focus on lawmaking rather than "retail politics" concerned some. Willy Brandt was praying beyond all odds for a strong performance to beat back concerns that he was too young, too inexperienced to be in line to run the country's opposition party. Erich Mende, the moderate leader of the FDP, was hoping for a performance strong enough that would turn him and his party into the kingmaker. |
| Within a day, thanks to new communications systems, the total vote counts were tallied, and reporters and party representatives alike awaited the announcement outside the Federal Returning Office, the Federal Republic's election commission. The afternoon of the 16th of August, 1961, the election office announced the official results of the 1961 federal election, with 100% of ballots cast counted: |
[list][pre]THE 1961 FEDERAL ELECTIONS - OFFICIAL RESULTS - 100% COUNTED
Kurt Georg Kiesinger - Christian Democratic Union - 14,338,000 votes (44.8%) - 182 seats (-18)
Willy Brandt - Social Democratic Party - 13,729,915 votes (42.9%) - 174 seats (+9)
Erich Mende - Free Democratic Party - 3,040,424 votes (9.5%) - 38 seats (+15)
Reinhold Meier - German Democratic Party - 640,089 votes (2.0%) - 8 seats (-2)[/pre][/list]
| As the results were formally announced, it was general consensus that the Christian Democratic Union was the victor in this election, ever so slightly. Despite analysts saying that Brandt's persona would win the SPD the plurality of votes, the mild Kiesinger had prevailed - restoring confidence in him and his leadership of the party. Chancellor Kiesinger addressed the nation on the evening of the 16th, thanking the German people for their 'continued confidence'. He waved away concerns that the FDP would re-align itself with the SPD, stating that 'the facts are clear - the German people want a continuation of the current government'. At SPD headquarters, the mood was mixed, but generally positive as well. This was the closest any federal election had been in the history of the country, beating even 1949, when Kurt Schumacher's SPD came only 3 percentage points short of the CDU. Now, it was only a 1.9% margin - more or less 600,000 votes. Brandt capitalized this in his party's response to the election results, stating that 'the shift towards the SPD and a government of progress is clear' and that the party would be 'inviting the FDP and the DPD to coalition negotiations'. |
| Coalition negotiations were expected to begin right away, as soon as the coming weekend. It was custom for a coalition agreement to already be in place when the next government is sworn in, to ensure a swift and seamless transition of power. The SPD, however, could smell the possibilities with the results. The Christian Democratic Union, despite its plurality victory, also sensed a potential threat. Both parties immediately reached out to Mende's FDP, who were jubilant with their 3.3% gain from the last cycle. Mende stated that he would be meeting with both Brandt and Kiesinger to identify which party he believed were 'truly favored by the German people'. The CDU and the SPD also reached out for negotiations with the DPD, who still held a respectable 8 seats in the Bundestag. Reinhold Meier, however, rejected the possibility of partnering with the CDU, stating that the DPD would be working to reach a 'common agreement' that would see them join an SPD-led government. This left the FDP as kingmakers, as Mende wanted. Aligning with either side would give the government a 19-seat majority. But, Mende stood his ground. |
[list]"There will be no premature announcements or speculation. We will announce our preference for government when discussions have concluded.[/list]
| With that, the 1961 federal election was over. The Christian Democrats walked out relatively strong, but with their worst performance in the Federal Republic's history. The possibility of an SPD-FDP-DPD coalition or just an SPD-FDP coalition still hung over Kiesinger as he celebrated his party's election success. Brandt's position in the party as the eventual successor to opposition leader Erich Ollenhauer was essentially cemented, but some had been expecting Brandt to perform stronger. The true victors of this election, however, is most certainly Mende's Free Democrats, who won 9.5% of the vote and over 3 million votes cast for them. The FDP had approached extinction in the 1957 elections, receiving just under 2 million votes and 6.5% of the vote, but it appears it is now back, stronger than ever for the Sixties. |
https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1736849
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[list][list][pre]E U R O P E A N C O M M U N N I T Y C O M M U N A U T E E E U R O P E E N N E[/pre][/list][/list]
FIRST BRUSSELS ECONOMIC SUMMIT "EC+5 SUMMIT" OFFICIALLY STARTS
Royal Palace of Brussels
As the sun rises over the regal city of Brussels, a momentous occasion unfolds at the historic Royal Palace of Brussels. Today, the European Community (EC) and its invited guests, the EC+5 nations, converge in a display of unity and camaraderie, as they embark on the first European Economic Summit.
Inside the immensity of the Palace's courtyard, a display of national flags flutter in the gentle breeze, symbolizing the diversity and strength of the participating countries. The atmosphere is filled with excitement and anticipation, as leaders from France, West Germany, Spain, Greece, Italy, Benelux, Slovenia, Nordic Kingdom, and Sweden, step foot into the Castle's hallowed grounds.
With grace and hospitality, His Majesty, the King of the Belgian Baudoin I, stands at the entrance, warmly welcoming each delegation. Handshakes and smiles abound, as diplomatic greetings echo through the air. Anthems play when the head of government from each nation arrives, a testament to the respect and honor give upon every esteemed guest.
The Royal Palace of Brussels serves as an imposing yet inviting backdrop for this momentous gathering.
In the castle's immense garden, a picturesque setting, leaders from the European Community and the EC+5 pose for a group picture, capturing the essence of this momentous occasion. Against the backdrop of blooming flowers and lush greenery, the scene is a poignant reminder of the shared aspirations and the bonds of friendship that bind these nations together.
With solemnity and determination, the introduction speech is delivered from a grand podium, where the flags of the member states and the five invited countries stand side by side, united in their representation of a harmonious and prosperous European region.
In this spirit of unity, the European Community and the EC+5 nations embark on a journey of collaboration, progress, and shared prosperity. As the summit commences, the Royal Palace of Brussels stands as a symbol of diplomatic conviviality, where open dialogue and cooperation will chart the course towards a brighter future for all.
[list]President of the European Commission, Paul-Henri Spaak :
On behalf of the European Community,
I extend a warm welcome to our esteemed counterparts from the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Republic of Portugal, the Confederation of Alpenland, and the Republic of Finland. Today marks a historic moment as we gather in Brussels for the first European Economic Summit, forging stronger bonds among our nations.
This Summit represents our shared commitment to a future of closer economic partnership, mutual growth, and prosperity. With determination in our hearts and unity as our guiding principle, we embark on this journey together.
The Framework Agreement we are about to establish will serve as a foundation for future agreements, promoting fair trade practices, investments, and harmonizing policies. Through collaboration and open dialogue, we shall overcome challenges and seize new opportunities.
May this Summit pave the way for an even more cohesive and integrated European community .
I look forward to fruitful discussions, productive roundtables, and an environment of camaraderie over the next few days. Let us, the European Community and our neighbors, unite under a common banner of shared goals and collective progress.
Thank you, and let us begin this momentous journey together ![/list]
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan
[list][list][sub]𝚇.1961[/sub]
[sub]ITALY LOOKS EAST[/sub]
L'ITALIA GUARDA AD EST[/list]
[list][list][pre]A fruitful diplomatic year:
Numerous deals in the automobile, manufacturing and oil industries come to pass.
[/pre][/list][/list]
ROMA, REGNO D'ITALIA
[sub][nation=flag]Arcanda[/nation][/sub][/list]
[list]| Two noteworthy business agreements have already been reached this year, as Italy looks for new markets beyond the EEC. The first has been signed in Tirana¹, the second in Bucharest Where the Italian trade delegation would also attend the first instance of the Romexpo Trade Fair. Meanwhile, Italy's ENI, which has played a central role in the latter deal, would turn even further east, to the Kingdom of Korea [sup][nation=short]Rutannia[/nation][/sup]. In Seoul, the company would be the first in Europe to sign a deal with the burgeoning nation. The contract's main point concerns the importation of crude oil by way of maritime shipping, to the port city of Daesan. There, the Italian oil giant will build a refinery in order to distribute the finite product to government, industrial and private clients. As mentioned by numerous ENI insiders, this end-to-end handling of oil is set to benefit the nascent Korean industry. The refinery, of medium size, will be staffed by Italian personnel for five years until enough Korean workers are trained, at which point ENI's Italian crew will be reduced to the bare minimum. Agip, ENI's retailer, will also expand in the far-eastern nation, albeit in a more timid manner, with the opening of 30 roadside filling stations for private use throughout the Peninsula. |
| The deal, of moderate size given the distance and the current market in Korea, is unlikely to turn a profit until several years into the operations Set to commence in 1963, after the building of the necessary infrastructure. However, it has been celebrated as another victory for the company, and a prestige one at that: ENI's first foray into the Far East, which also assures Seoul that it will always remain a privileged partner in the region during the years to come. |
______
[sub]¹ YUGOSLAV-ITALIAN TRADE DEAL REACHED
https://tinyurl.com/SFRY-communique-1961[/sub]
[list]
[list][list][spoiler=[sub]Commonwealth of Liberty
[/sub]EVVIVA L'ITALIA!
]
[nation]AbaBemba[/nation]
[nation]Adriatican Islands[/nation]
[nation]Alzarikstan[/nation]
[nation]Amsterwald[/nation]
[nation]Anglo Channel[/nation]
[nation]Arcanda[/nation]
[nation]Bayern Kahla[/nation]
[nation]Bescania[/nation]
[nation]Brazil Toucan[/nation]
[nation]Canovia[/nation]
[nation]Cascadla[/nation]
[nation]Central Arstotzka[/nation]
[nation]Connomia[/nation]
[nation]East Germany DDR[/nation]
[nation]Great Britain GB[/nation]
[nation]Greater Kurdistane[/nation]
[nation]Hashemite Kingdoms[/nation]
[nation]Hatzburg[/nation]
[nation]Honghai[/nation]
[nation]Israelli[/nation]
[nation]Kewtpuff[/nation]
[nation]Kotakuan II[/nation]
[nation]La Granadinas[/nation]
[nation]Ma-li[/nation]
[nation]Maziya[/nation]
[nation]Metropolitan Francais[/nation]
[nation]Moroavia[/nation]
[nation]Nevbrejnovitz[/nation]
[nation]New Provenance[/nation]
[nation]Nileia[/nation]
[nation]Nippon-Nihon[/nation]
[nation]Nonador[/nation]
[nation]Nosautempopulus[/nation]
[nation]OsivoII[/nation]
[nation]Paramountica[/nation]
[nation]Paseo[/nation]
[nation]Peking Zhongguo[/nation]
[nation]Pontianus[/nation]
[nation]Provenancia[/nation]
[nation]Ranponian[/nation]
[nation]Reyzen[/nation]
[nation]Rutannia[/nation]
[nation]Socialist Democratic Republic Romania[/nation]
[nation]Spainard[/nation]
[nation]Sri-Lanka[/nation]
[nation]Sudesam[/nation]
[nation]Taiiwan[/nation]
[nation]Teymour[/nation]
[nation]The Black Star-[/nation]
[nation]The Sun States[/nation]
[nation]Turkiye 1st[/nation]
[nation]Ubertica[/nation]
[nation]Vancouver Straits[/nation]
[nation]Victoria Harbor[/nation]
[nation]Vietnam SV[/nation]
[nation]Virnall[/nation]
[/spoiler][/list][/list]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan
[list]1961년 8월 18일
[sub]The Three Princes of Korea[/sub][/list]
[list][sub]The Korean Royal Family[/sub][/list]
[sub]GYEONGBOK PALACE, SEOUL, Rutannia MORNING[/sub]
| The Korean Royal Family until this year had largely fallen to the wayside in the public conscious since Koreas annexation back in 1910, if you showed people an array of portraits they would easily point out both the now King Haneul and former Emperor Geon, and likely their grandfather Emperor Gojong who died in 1919, but most would be unable to point any others. Now the Royal Family were back at the forefront of the public consciousness through their actions during Koreas fight for independence and the overthrow of Rhee, they quickly realised that they needed to curate an image for themselves much like the monarchies in Europe have done. |
| The Kings eldest son, Yi Cheong (25), now titled Prince Imperial Cheong, had graduated from Seoul National University in 1958 studying in business administration. The prince had managed to glide through education without much recognition and following his graduation he spent several years as an assistant to Lee Byung-chul who was running a successful conglomerate under the name of Samsung. Returning to the ancestral home half way through 1960 in order to help run the family estates, many of which had now been opened to the public in order to generate a consistent revenue for the family. Until 1961 not a lot was known about the Prince, but with a growing number of public appearances the Prince had built up a reputation of being a great listener, often meeting with the general public and spending a great deal of time conversing with them. Although the Prince had never appeared in public with a partner, he has stated that he is currently in a long term relationship, stating he wont make it public just yet. |
| The middle son, Yi Jong (23), had taken quite a different route to his older brother, not expecting to ever be on the throne. Even before the restoration of the Kingdom, spending most of the summers in his early years helping the gardeners of the palace, many had already assumed hed pursue this passion further. Following the end of his compulsory studies in 1956 he began working with the gardeners across the Seoul estate to begin learning about horticulture and natural sciences, becoming an apprentice of the head gardener at Changdeok Palace, just a couple of miles down the road from the main residence. Jong has made limited public appearances compared to his elder brother, most appearances he makes are events focused around agriculture or horticulture tying in with his passion. However unlike his elder brother Prince Jong is in a public relationship with Moon So-hyun, a member of the House of Moon from Jeju Island, the pair have often been spotted at events together, however it is not known for how long they have been a couple. |
| The youngest son of the King is Yi Heeseung (19), the youngest was a later edition to the family, having been described by biographers as an unexpected, but very welcome edition to the family. Prince Heeseung was just finishing his high school education at the time of the April Revolution, and was already looking towards his university studies. The Revolution had thrown this off-track due to his family now being prominently back in the spotlight, finishing his exams at high school, the Prince decided to take a year's break from education in order to focus fully on the transition his family was now going through. Prince Heeseung had made the most appearances out of the three sons, often being seen alongside his father at public events, even before the revolution. The teenager was often viewed as the more rebellious of the three, although rebellious was a choice word given that the most it amounted to was colouring his hair and getting a tattoo (although tattoos were pretty commonplace for Korean nobility). The Prince had built up a large social circle during his school years, and was often seen in Seoul hanging out with friends, and to many was seen as the least intimidating of the three given his approachable nature. It was announced earlier in the year that the Prince would begin attending Seoul National University as his eldest brother had in order to study international relations, the royal household stated that they were trying to keep the Prince's early life and education as normal as possible stating that the youngest son had desired to not be addressed by his official title while attending the university or seek favourable treatment. Unlike his brother however the Prince has stated his desire to stay at the Gwanak Campus for his studies rather than return nightly to the Palace, many expect that this is the Princes way of seeking to be seen as normal and that the elevation back to royalty has had little effect on the family. |
| Although the three sons have made some public appearances, which only seems to be increasing in frequency, the family still has much work to do in order to make them as recognisable as their father, uncle or grandfather. However the work does seem to be paying off as Prince Imperial Cheong begins to make his first few solo appearances at various cultural events across the country. It is clear that the King wishes to mold his son into an heir with humanity rather than some distant figure locked away in a Palace to only make one appearance a year. The monarchy in its early stages will likely continue to look at ways to continue modernising its image, having already ditched much of the pageantry from before 1910, save for special occasions, preferring to be more up close and personal with the public. The first big test for the family will be the likely wedding of the Prince Imperial to his yet unnamed partner, many believe the reason for the privacy is likely down to having suddenly been thrusted into the limelight. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
[spoiler=PLAY ME FOR AMBIENCE: Metal Slug 1 OST: The Military System ]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Fa6HPpbduI&list=PLnFf9wsU79ubbtMfTG4Jz0FLPadKuYrmd&index=1[/spoiler]
[list][sup]September 2nd, 1962[/list][/sup]
[pre]𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐎𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐕𝐒 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐄𝐑[/pre][sup][pre] | Província Portuguesa de Guiné, Angola, Moçambique[/pre][/sup]
[sup]While the status quo of Salazar's regime in Portugal proper maintained an atmosphere of order and peace, the same could not be said for the overseas provinces in Africa. Portugal, unlike the former colonial powers, was unwilling to release their grip on their empire. For Portugal stood up against the major powers at critical stages during Salazar's earlier years at the helm. Salazar would not be cowed or threatened during World War II by neither the Allies nor Axis players. His policy developed a sense of Portugal's national interests which he never abandoned even if it collided with the preferences of the old and new powers. This was in unusual departure for a country where elites had so often displayed a sense of inferiority or inability to define what was the true patriotic path that needed to be taken. Others had tried and failed to rise above factionalism and irresolution that seemed to be endemic features of national life, to forge a unified response to critical challenges. Salazar did this most notably during the colonial wars that began in 1961. He reached out beyond his customary supporters in defying the emerging European consensus of swift withdrawal from Africa and bestowing independence on unprepared territories. It led to a series of unprecedented confrontations between Portugal and its allies, most notably the United States.[/sup]
[sup]Despite this staunch refusal to abandon the overseas empire, ironically, it was only in the 1950s that the empire started to manifest on the consciousness of greater numbers of Portuguese. This arose from a number of factors. One was the quickening pace of emigration to Portuguese Africa, especially Angola, since it hosted the best infrastructure out of the three. From 44,083 settlers in 1940, the size of this community of Angolan Portuguese rose to 78,826 in 1950, and they searched for commercial opportunities which were unavailable in the still-stagnant provincial economy back home. Fewer however moved to Moçambique, Portugal's second-largest overseas province but further away from the homeland or the metro pole. But the pace of immigration similarly increased in the 1950s. Guiné by far received the lowest amount of immigrants, as Guiné was considered by most and even the overseas administration as a neglected backwater swamp. The only meaningful economic asset to Portugal being vegetable oil and peanuts. Such was that the provincial administration, under Sarmento Rodrigues, promised to develop agriculture, infrastructure, and health, but did little to fight the upsurge in sleeping sickness in the 1940s and 1950s due to limited funding. Infrastructure was minimal and limited to main city and town centers. Even currently, under the 2nd wave of the 1959 Overseas development act: only the provincial capital and towns receive attention, as rural areas are largely left without support from the government. Such a situation is what allowed the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC); to start off as a mild political nuisance, to evolve into a guerrilla war from the rural corners of Guiné since 1961.[/sup]
[sup]The growing threat to Portuguese overseas territories made Salazar conclude that unconventional approaches were needed in order for Portugal to hang on in Africa. The decision of the British to withdraw from India in 1947 and partition the subcontinent thrust sleepy Goa, Portugal's oldest colony, abruptly into the limelight. The new independent state of India made it know they had claims on Goa and would not be able to continue as a separate entity. Which eventually became reality when the Indians, in collaboration with anti-Portuguese agents in Gao, launched a full scale military invasion of the colony, which Portugal was unable to defend against. Lisbon was angered, but perhaps not overly surprised, when Britain and America itself seemed to support the anti-colonial spirit that was engulfing the newly independent nations of Africa and Asia. Such an experience would forever cement the mentality within Portugal that it must not make any concessions, less it loses its grip on Africa. Such was that when independence movements such as the PAIGC, FNLA, MPLA, and FRELIMO began appearing in the provinces they would be met with repression by the PIDE. To counter the rising tide of Black Nationalism, Portugal's embattled position in Africa received much needed ideological reinforcement in the 1950s. It came in the form of a new way of framing Portugal's long term mission in its vast, diverse territories; the theory of Lusotropicalism. The theory of Lusotropicalism affirmed that a new type of civilization had originated thanks to the voyages of discovery which the Portuguese had embarked upon in the 16th century. It was a symbiotic theory, merging European and tropical cultures. The mestizo or mixed race dimension underlay a tropical civilization, which first took shape in Brazil but had imitators in Portugal's main African territories.[/sup]
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
Post by Ekhand Bharat suppressed by Paramountica.
*Flings poo violently across the room*
My vry vry prud nation of Bharat does the needful and accepts your request of the joining of the region.
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Kewtpuff, Tallahan, Ma-Li
[list][list]August 1961
[sub]Salah Jadid - Ambitious young General receives a Herculean promotion to Minister of Defence![/sub][/list]
PEOPLES PALACE, DAMASCUS, UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC, (Kotakuan Ii) EVENING
| In the heart of the bustling city of Damascus, an atmosphere of intrigue and anticipation gripped the inner political circles as a Herculean promotion was about to take place. At the forefront of this momentous occasion stood a young and ambitious military leader General Salah Jadid. His rise to prominence had been swift. Now, on the recommendation of none other than Vice President Michel Aflaq, he was set to become the Minister of Defence within the United Arab Republic. The air crackled with excitement and uncertainty in the opulent halls of the Peoples Palace. The walls seemed to whisper stories of the past, of struggles and triumphs that shaped the nation's destiny. Vice President Aflaq, a seasoned statesman whose wisdom and foresight were widely respected, stood confidently as he addressed the gathering. His past decade as Prime Minister of Syria turned Vice President of the United Arab Republic has marked an unparalleled progression of living standards and stability for the average Syrian. |
| He spoke passionately of the nation's need for strong and capable leaders, emphasising the qualities he saw in the young General Jadid. Aflaq lauded Jadid's dedication to the principles of the Ba'ath Party, his strategic brilliance, and his unwavering commitment to the people of Syria. The vice president believed that Jadid's appointment as Minister of Defence would bolster the nation's security and further the cause of the United Arab Republic. In this pivotal moment, as the weight of Aflaq's recommendation settled upon him, General Salah Jadid accepted the position with humility and determination. His eyes glinted with a fire that revealed his ultimate aspirations to excel as the Minister of Defence and rise even higher, ultimately aiming for the coveted position of Vice President himself. |
| As the ceremony concluded and the applause filled the room, General Jadid's mind raced with visions of the future. He was driven by a steadfast desire to shape the nation's destiny, secure its borders, and empower its citizens. But deep within, he nurtured a greater ambition to leave an indelible mark on Syria's political landscape, one that would pave the way for him to occupy the vice presidency and perhaps, one day, to lead the nation as its paramount leader. Outside the palace, the sun began its descent, casting a warm glow over the city, and the people continued with their daily lives, unaware of the momentous occasion that had just transpired. But within the walls of power, the stage was set for a young General to embark on a journey of influence and authority. The shadows of history stretched forth, awaiting the unfolding of General Salah Jadid's ultimate goals and the realisation of his aspirations in the intricate dance of Syrian politics. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Greater Kurdistane, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
Post by Tallahan suppressed by Paramountica.
sirs......
Ranponian
[list][list]AUGUST 1961
[sub]The Brazil Hour[/sub][/list]
[pre] O R D E M E P R O G R E S S O [/pre]
[list][sub][pre]Hail, precious banner of hope!
Hail, august symbol of peace!
Thy noble presence to our minds
The greatness of our motherland does bring.[/pre][/sub][/list]
BRASÍLIA, FEDERAL DISTRICT, Brazil Toucan AFTERNOON
[sub]PLANALTO PALACE, THREE POWERS PLAZA[/sub]
| In a beautiful elegant dress, Brazils first female head of state SARAH KUBITSCHEK, will deliver her first speech on the government radio program called A Hora do Brasil (The Brazil Hour). Outside the Presidents workplace, there is an enthusiastic crowd of Brazilians holding Brazilian flags, the police have already been alerted to stand guard in front of the Planalto Palace so that no one invades the building. It will not be as grandiose a speech as the one given by ex-President GETÚLIO VARGAS on Labour Day, in May 1951, but it will be a speech given by Brazils first female leader. |
[list]| SARAH KUBITSCHEK, [sub]President of the Republic[/sub] | [sup]My dear Brazilians: today I address you to thank you for the opportunity you gave me to govern Brazil, I will never forget the affection that each of you had with me when I traveled through the cities of this vast country during the elections, there were many hugs and smiles. My objective will always be to defend the interests of the Brazilian people.[/sup][/list]
| SARAH takes a short break and gets a glass of water. |
[list]| SARAH KUBITSCHEK, [sub]President of the Republic[/sub] | [sup]Today is a very symbolic day for me and also for Brazil: it is the first time that a woman makes a speech to an entire nation as president-elect. I hope to be an example for all women in this country, I will make sure that my Government helps every woman in this country to fulfill her dream. My dream is to see an egalitarian country, where men and women work together and earn the same. Only then will we build a strong nation.[/sup][/list]
| President SARAH continues reading a few more pages and finally finishes her speech, leaving the room surrounded by government officials. Outside the palace, she waves to the crowd of Brazilians. The speech was thought precisely to strengthen her relationship with the people, she is loved by millions of Brazilians, second only to VARGAS, the most popular President in the history of Brazil. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Maziya, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
Malian Ideology: Dákabana(Exceptionalism)
The ideology that would dominate Malis existence, both politically, and socially would be known as, Manden Dákabana (Nko for Malian Exceptionalism). This idea believed that Mali was different from other nations in Africa, and the world, for its commitment to African democracy, political stability, neutrality, socio-economic collaboration, and peaceful coexistence between different religions, and ethnicities. Mali in general was considered the 39th most diverse country in the world (based on otl countries), so it was in the upper echelon. This could either prove a strength or weakness especially as many countries fell into ethnic conflict and competition.
Culturally, Mali was among the most diverse and complex. Despite this diversity, many ethnic groups had some form of contact and relationship. The Mandé and Mossi were considered descendants of each other, the Mandé and Fula had a so-called cousin relationship, and the Fula and Wolof were closely tied historically. To celebrate this diversity and ease the potential conflicts that could happen, the government used so-called Cultural Appreciation in which the different cultures of Mali would be celebrated, with citizens of different cultures encouraged to partake in and learn the different practices and lives of their neighbors.
Another pillar was harmony and coexistence, the government would take a hard line against ethnic nationalism, and supremacism. Racism and discrimination against any person were strictly prohibited and enforced. Discussions of ethnic supremacy and any incitement to violence over it were considered hate speech crimes, which carried a 3-year prison sentence if routinely broken. Furthermore, ethnic nationalist political parties and movements were banned, with politicians forbidden from mentioning ethnicity in campaigns.
Mali remained a highly religiously diverse state. Traditional African Religions hovered around 40%, Islam 55%, with Christianity and other religions at around 5%. This presented a large opportunity for conflict and tensions. The government would greatly crackdown on attempts to proselytize creating several laws to ban street preaching, manipulative or forced conversions, and proselytizing. Despite this, freedom to practice religion, and limited degrees of door to door preaching have been upheld.
Politically, Mali maintained a commitment towards African Democracy. This form of democracy was largely based on the political wishes of the populace at the time. For many Africans, liberal democracy was seen as incompatible with African society and culture. So, the institution of a one-party dominant system became the norm. Initially, all other opposition would be banned; however, by the 70s other political parties like the Nationalists, Liberals, and Democratic Socialists would emerge.
Socially and economically, Mali would routinely rank among the most stable and cohesive in Africa especially post-early independence. Much of this socio-economic stability can be attributed to corporatist policies, balancing social, worker, and business needs through collaborative labor and business policies.
This overall ideology would be tested greatly in the coming decades. Assassinations, Failed Self Coups, the Great Sahel Drought, and a porous border with Azawad and Niger would be major threats that would potentially shake Mali to its core, and bring down its ideology with it.
Paramountica, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Bhaarat Lok
Moroccan Major Militarist News Network
1961
The Communists lose their leader
For months the brutal fighting seen only in the Moroccan civil war have been on full blast, however, an end to this brutality has been spotted. The elected dictator Al Yata after meeting with his top generals returned to his home, where once he fell asleep, he was suffocated with a cotton stuffed pillow. According to the doctors who conducted his autopsy stated that there seemed to be a struggle before his death.
Following this death the Communists have been weakened much more, and will surely be beaten by the superior militarist armies. Moving on from that the Islamists surrendered to Communist armies, meanwhile the feared Socialist offensive into Monarchist territory was haulted thanks largely in part to Saudi troops that were sent to the front line. The Anarchists however have begun to be pushed back much more, and will surely surrender soon. But, there is rumors that they might start invading Western Sahara in order to maintain some territory, and recruit many more soldiers so they still have a chance at winning.
Following the Islamist surrender what remains of their government has fled to Turkey for now to ensure they will not be murdered. Meanwhile Islamist insurgencies have begun largely in Communist territory, but partially in Militarist territory as well. The Socialist armies after conducting a major offensive against the Monarchists gained some ground, but thanks largely to supplies sent from around the world, and Saudi military the offensive has halted completely. The Socialists did conduct a major offensive into Communist territory to ensure the Military will not gain ground in the unstable Communist territory, meanwhile the Socialists have pushed the Militarists back in certain areas but not by much. This is largely in part thanks to the major Militarist offensive. But the Militarists are definitely winning the war against all other sides, Due to their major weaknesses, along with Communism, Socialism, Monarchism, and Anarchism being failing systems.
The Communists apparently have planned a new operation titled Operation Dune, which they said should change the future of the civil war by a lot. What this operation pertains to is something unknown to all sides besides the Communist high command, we can only hope it sees true failure.
Investigation into Anarchist war crimes finds out disturbing information.
In war there will often be war crimes, but sometimes the extent of it is not seen until you begin to look deeper into it. The Anarchists have been accused of war crimes since early on in the war, thanks primarily to how many soldiers they were recruiting into the military. But what investigators figured out is that they have begun a policy of recruiting civilians from small cities, and if they refuse the civillians are put to work so the Anarchist soldiers are well fed and armed. They have also begun training and indoctrinating civillians and children to prepare to join the army, and fight as hard as they possibly can for the Anarchist cause.
The Anarchists have also killed or exiled all governors and government officials in their occupied territory, as well as beginning a policy of having every one of their soldiers fight till they die no matter what, and if any attempt to flee they are shot. Anarchist armies have also burned all abandoned cities that they had to retreat from thanks to the Militarist offensive. The major officials in the Anarchist politics have also banned the practice religion in their territory, stating that a feeling of national unity is needed for them to win the civil war and see Anarchism prosper in the world.
Thanks to a leaked document by one trooper who was put to death following the leak, the invasion plans for Western Sahara have been made public, otherwise known as Operation Vulture. This plan was to march major soldiers into Western Sahara, overwhelm them occupying the capital quickly, and gaining support from local rebellious cities. Following this they would begin to militarize and arm more soldiers and begin moving north, back into Morocco to hopefully unify the entire country. Hopefully thanks to this leak more nations send aid to the army so they can wipe out the Anarchist traitors as soon as possible.
Meanwhile the military is taking serious consideration into a ceasefire with the Monarchists, due to the recent Monarchist offensive into Militarist territory.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Death to the traitors"
Paramountica, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
[list]August 1961
[sub]Military[/sub][/list]
[list][list] HAWKER HUNTER FIGHTER JETS DELIVERED TO ALPENLAND
HAWKER HUNTER DÜSENJÄGER NACH ALPENLAND GELIEFERT
DES CHASSEURS À RÉACTION HAWKER HUNTER LIVRÉS À ALPENLAND
HAWKER HUNTER JET DA COMBATTIMENTO CONSEGNATI AD ALPENLAND
[/list][/list]
EMMEN AIR BASE
[sub]ALPENLAND, THE ALPINE REPUBLIC[/sub]
| Purchased in early 1958 by the Helvetic Air Force, the final of 100 British Hawker Hunters would be delivered to Alpenland 3 years later. 12 had been converted from Royal Air Force F.6s to the new Mk.58 variant, designed specifically for use by Switzerland. They would make the journey from Hawker Siddeleys Dunsfold Airfield in England across Western Europe to their destination in the Alps. Mk.58 J-4001, ferried by decorated Swiss pilot Hans Häfliger, would be the first to touch down at Emmen Air Base to a small audience of press, politicians, and military officials. It would already be painted in the Helvetic Air Forces livery and roundel. The remaining 88 aircraft would be built and delivered over the next few years with less fanfare. The order for 100 brand-new jets had been out of necessity. Since the end of WWII, few aircraft had been added to Switzerlands fleet. In fact, much of it would still consist of now obsolete piston and turboprop-powered models. The Helvetic Republic had looked at multiple different competitors to fill the role, including the P-16, a domestic prototype fighter. Ultimately, the P-16 had been the most favorable option, purpose-built for the Alpine terrain with its powerful engine and sturdy airframe making it more than capable of climbing the steep cliffs lining much of the countrys critical cities, infrastructure, and bases. However, only a few prototype aircraft had been built for testing, and would not be ready for mass production at the time. The government would therefore choose the Hunter to fulfill much, but not all, of their fleets needs, leaving room for later implementation of the P-16 as well. To sweeten the deal, Hawker Siddeley would propose a new Mk.58 variant of the Hunter, with a more powerful engine, stronger airframe, and updated avionics systems over the basic Hunter, making it more compatible with the Helveitc Air Forces aspirations. |
[list]Hawker Hunter MK.58:
[list][pre]
Number ordered: 150
Crew: 1
Length: 46 ft
Wingspan: 34 ft
Height: 13 ft
Wing area: 349 sq ft
Airfoil shape: Hawker 8.5% symmetrical
Unencumbered weight: 14,122 lb
Engine: 1 × Rolls-Royce Avon 207 turbojet engine, 45.13 kN thrust
Maximum speed: 620 kn at sea level
Range: 1,380 nmi
Service ceiling: 50,000 ft
Guns: 4 × 30 mm ADEN cannons 150 rounds per gun
Hardpoints: 4
Rockets: 18 × 68 mm SNEB rockets
Missiles: 2 × AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, 2 × AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missiles
[/pre][/list][/list]
| The formation of Alpenland would bring with it some minor setbacks. An influx of pilots due to the Austrian Air Guards unification with the Helvetic Air Force would now require more aircraft than the 100 ordered. The de Havilland jets previously operated by the Austrians would have to be returned to the RAF as part of the unification terms. As a result, the new Alpine Air Force would demand the P-16 program speed up production process measures as well as order a further 50 Hunters to accommodate the additional personnel. Although the slow progression of the P-16 program would disappoint many, Mk.58 Hawker Hunters would prove to be a great fit for Alpenland, and would certainly be set to serve the new republic for decades to come. |
https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1855805
[spoiler=THE WORLD TAKES NOTE . . .
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
[list][pre]T H E S L O V E N E R E P U B L I C S L O V E N S K A R E P U B L I K A[/pre][/list]
PRESIDENT JAKAC ISSUES WRIT CONDITIONALLY RECOGNIZING YUGOSLAVIA, PROVOKING FUROR
[list][sup]THE UNNAMABLE ENEMY
AUGUST 1961[/sup][/list]
Loud, chanting throngs of cyan- and gold-clad protesters heaved and undulated before the Presidential Palace. Slovenian flagsand those of more sinister purposesrippled in the summer air, their elegance belying the fury of the assembled.
Against the recommendation of conservative parliamentarians, President Boidar Jakac had days prior ordered the Slovene Foreign Ministry to issue a note to the Yugoslavian border authorities declaring that, in accordance with backroom negotiations, Slovenia would agree to a mutually established recognition of the two nations current borders.¹ For many, it was an outrage. The speeches Jakac had since given declaring that the time had come for peace had failed to prevent a large part of the Slovene population from stirring up against it. The unrest was likely only a manifestation of anti-Jakac sympathies themselvesindeed, when Koprivnikar had recognized particular Yugoslav republics, the clamor had been far less. Still, the occasion had given nationalist and conservative opponents of Jakac the first opportunity to come out en masse since his controversial election last October. This is not to construct an entirely cynical view of anti-détente activities; among the protesters were doubtlessly genuine adversaries of the recognition. Yugoslavian terror had claimed the lives of innocent fishermen and nationalists in prominent international incidents; entire presidential campaigns had been founded on dealing with the Yugoslavian menace. Jakacs deed would be a fundamental shift in Slovenias orientation. Still, to many, this was inevitable.
Slovenia had been a cradle of the Illyrian movement and pan-Slavic thought generally; nationalist friction and claims were confined to a relatively small sect of the population. The rivalry with Yugoslavia had been a contrived political one rooted in Yugoslavias refusal to recognize Slovenian borders and self-determination; the deal Jakac had struck would change that. The election of an even moderately internationalist government had sealed it.
[list][sup]¹ As seen here and in prior posts, the Slovene President wields considerably more administrative powers than in real life.[/sup]
Paramountica, Bayern Kahla, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Puerto Somoza, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Maziya, Greater Kurdistane, Turkiye 1St, Bhaarat Lok
[list][pre]T H E K I N G D O M O F S I K H I M འ བྲ ས་ ལྗོ ང ས[/pre][/list]
SWEEPING NATIONAL PARK ESTABLISHED AT KHANGCHENDZONGA IN RARE FAMILIAR APPEARANCE BY TASHI AND THONDUP NAMGYAL
[list][sup]VISIONS OF THE WHITE MOUNTAIN
SEPTEMBER 1961[/sup][/list]
The Lepcha, the predominant indigenous group in Sikhim, first called the realm ruled by the Chogyal Nye-mae-elparadise. Graced by the wise waters of the Teesta River and the sky-scraping mountains of the Himalayas, the inhabitants of the landboth ancient and modernhave been keenly aware that they are at the roof of the world. Its beauty has defined its names. In Tibetan, it is Drenjong: valley of rice. Indian literature historically called it Indrakil, garden of Indra.
The names of Sikhim each reflect one part of a kaleidoscope of natural and cultural heritage embedded in the tiny Kingdom. No matter how brusque their maneuvers, Chogyal Tashi Namgyal and Crown Prince Palden Thondup believed sincerely in the protection of both. After the death of Crown Prince Paljor in 1941, Tashi found great solace in painting the Kingdoms mountains in seclusion. One, most of all, towered above the rest: Khangchendzonga, the five treasures of the high snow and the third-highest mountain in the worldso sacred was it to the Sikhimese that in 1955, the first summiters, Joe Brown and George Band, kept a promise personally made to Tashi Namgyal to not step on its true summit, thus keeping the mountain inviolate. To seal this custom in law, Chogyal Tashi and Crown Prince Palden Thondup appeared at the nearby Tingvong Monastery with a small collection of the Chogyals personal artwork to inaugurate Khangchendzonga National Park, a wide-reaching swath of land imbued with considerable environmental protections meant to prevent violations of the sacred mountains. It would be home to a rich collection of local fauna, including red pandas (the national animal), blood pheasants (the national bird), clouded leopards, musk deer, griffon vultures, snowcocks, and more, all safe from poaching and environmental destruction.
The move was both spiritual and practical, enshrining the sanctity of Khangchendzonga in law while promoting the virgin mountain landscapes for natural tourism. Similar efforts were in consideration for a Maenam-la Wildlife Sanctuary near Ravangla, a sheep-raising and weaving town with a considerable Tibetan diaspora; the surrounding natural landscape is prized for its medicinal herbs. Thondup in particular was a champion of these projects, combining his fathers environmentalist leanings and his interest in seeing Sikhim enriched to pioneer several large-scale conservation and development projects. The Chogyal and Crown Princes vision for a regulated paradise would doubtlessly be welcomed by the vast majority of the mountain kingdom. Thence, the blessed white mountain and its surrounds were to be preserved in foreign magazine depictions, in state visits, and in the eternal memory of its peoplea place of stunning beauty, serenity, and reverence.
Paramountica, Arcanda, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Greater Kurdistane, Turkiye 1St, Bhaarat Lok
[list][list]APRIL 1954
[sub]I. Fission[/sub][/list]
[pre] O P P E N H E I M E R ¹ [/pre]
[list][sub][pre]The world is changing, reforming This is your moment.
How can this man, who knows so much, Be so blind?
The force from which the sun draws its power, Has been loose.
Maybe the most important man who ever lived
The man who moved the earth.[/pre][/sub]
[sub]A VAST SPHERE OF FIRE, the fire of a thousand suns, slowly eats the night-time desert.[/sub]
[pre]PROMETHEUS STOLE FIRE FROM THE GODS AND GAVE IT TO MAN.[/pre]
[sub]And the sound of DOZENS OF FEET STAMPING RHYTHMICALLY . . .[/sub]
[pre]FOR THIS HE WAS CHAINED TO A ROCK AND TORTURED FOR ETERNITY.[/pre]
[sub]ROILING PLASMA expands, the sound of STAMPING GROWS OPPRESSIVE, the STAMPING FASTER and FAST OVER UNTIL[/sub][/list]
ROOM 2022, BUILDING T-3, ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION MORNING
[sub]WASHINGTON D.C., Paramountica[/sub]
[sup]I. DAY ONE[/sup]
| It was in one of those temporary structures built during the Second World War, a dilapidated two-story edifice along the Mall on 16th and Constitution, near the Washington Monument. Building T-3 remained and housed the offices of the Atomic Energy Commissions (AEC) Director of Research and their staff, however for this matter, Room 2022 with its small enclosure had become an unofficial courtroom, bare-bones and without jury. A long rectangular room, the desks had been set up in a T shape, with the three board members, appointed by the AECs LEWIS STRAUSS chaired by GORDON GRAY, and next to him on either side, WARD EVANS and THOMAS A. MORGAN . . . . Before them was a long mahogany table stacked with black binders that contained the entire of OPPENHEIMERs classified FBI documents. As for the defense they only had a notepad and pencil, the binders being only for those with classified clearance. |
| Across from each other and before the Personnel Security Board sat the two sets of lawyers. For the AEC represented by ROGER ROBB and C.A. ROLANDER . . . and for the defendant, LLYOD GARRISON and HERBT S. MARKS. With SAMUEL J. SILVERMAN and ALLAN B. ECKER as support for the defense . . . At the very end of the T there was a single chair that faced the judges, and a leather couch against the wall, behind the witness chair. The defendant was permitted to smoke inside the room, which would end up over time, filling the room with the armor of his walnut pipe tobacco. |
[list][list][pre]OPPENHEIMER and his lawyers arrived nearly an hour late . . .[/pre][/list][/list]
[list]| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | This board has been appointed by the United States Atomic Energy Commission to investigate Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimers continued eligibility for clearance . . . Dr. Oppenheimer is present as a witness in his own case. This inquiry is not a trial. It shall be regarded as strictly confidential.
| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | May I ask, Mr Chairman, whether any of you saw the interview with Senator McCarthy last night?
| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | I did not see it. Did you, Mr. Morgan?
| THOMAS A. MORGAN, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing[/sub] | McCarthy? No.
| WARD EVANS, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing[/sub] | I heard it on the radio. It was greatly surprised. I immediately thought of Oppenheimer.
| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | Did you hear the interview, Mr. Robb?
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | No. Senator McCarthy would have to be clairvoyant if he alluded to our proceedings.
| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | He was interviewed by Fulton Lewis. I believe you represented that gentleman at various trials, Mr. Robb.
| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | Did you take his remarks as referring to yourself, Mr. Oppenheimer.[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER, wearing a dark blue suit, dark blue tie and blue collared shirt was seated at the leather sofa, already chain smoking his first cigarette as he looked up and at GRAY. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Five or six people called me up. Einstein said that If I had the choice again, Id rather be a plumber or a pedlar if only to enjoy some small measure of independence.
| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | I mentioned the interview because . . . it makes me wonder if our proceedings can be kept private, Mr. Chairman.
| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | We shall do our best. It is my duty, Dr. Oppenheimer, to ask you whether you are satisfied with the composition of the board.[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER squirms uncomfortably in place, but just for a moment, only a moment. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Yes. With one general reservation.
| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | And what would that be, doctor?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | The board will examine the complex duties of a physicist in our times . . . therefore, I would have preferred the members to be scientists. Only Professor Evans is engaged in science.
| WARD EVANS, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing[/sub] | But doctor, I dont know anything about nuclear physics, either. Fortunately. . . You probably know that we had no choice in this matter here. We were appointed. I wouldnt have chosen it myself.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Neither would I, I guess.
| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | The profession of the members should perhaps be shown in the record?
| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | Very well, Mr. Marks Ward V. Evans . . .
| WARD EVANS, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing[/sub] | Professor of Chemistry, University of Chicago.
| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | Thomas A. Morgan . . .
| THOMAS A. MORGAN, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing[/sub] | Chairman of the Board and President of the Sperry Gyroscope Company, atomic equipment. One of the sharks of big business.[/list]
| MORGAN gives a slight laugh, or as its known, a chuckle. OPPENHEIMER light and everso rolls his eyes. |
[list]| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | Gordon Gray, newspaper editor, radio stations. Former Secretary of the Army, DoD. Department of Defense.[/list]
| The mood shifts as GRAY turns to glance at OPPENHEIMER. |
[list]| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | I would like to ask Dr. Oppenheimer whether he wishes to testify under oath?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Certainly.
| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | You are not obliged to do so. We have somewhere, the um the rules of this hearing[/list]
| GRAY turns to one of the secretaries for a copy, but OPPENHEIMER proceeds to rise to stand. |
[list]| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | Very well. Julius Robert Oppenheimer, do you swear that the testimony you are to give to the Board shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I do.
| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | The proceeding may now commence. May I ask you to take the stand . . . Mr. Robb.[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER walks to the swivel wooden chair, facing the Board, and process to sit down, lighting his pipe now. ROBB gives a quick smirked smile for a moment, before dropping it and begins |
[list]| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Dr. Oppenheimer . . . Youve been called the Father of the Atom Bomb?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | By the press, yes I have.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | You would not call yourself that?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | It isnt right to take credit alone . . . it has, rather frankly . . . several hundred fathers, and mothers, if we consider the basic research, in several countries.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | But it was ultimately born in Los Alamos, in the laboratories which you yourself had set up, and of which you were the Director from 1943 to 1945.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | We produced that patent toy, yes.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | So are you not denying it, Doctor?[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER laughs, it was a silly framework ROBB was working under. But to ROBB it seemed like an arrogant reaction. |
[list]| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | You produced it in a fantastically short time, you tested it, and then you dropped dit on Japan, did you not?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | N-No.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | You did not?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | The dropping of the atom bomb on Hiroshima was a political decision i-it wasnt mine.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | But you supported the dropping of the atom bomb on Japan. Or didnt you?[/list]
| OPPEMHEIMER flutters his eyes perplexed for a moment, and shifts his position on the chair. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | What do you mean by . . . S-Supported?
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | You helped to select the targets, did you not?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I was doing my job . . We were given a list of possible targets.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Alright then Doctor, would you name them?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Hiroshima, Kokura, Nigata, Kyoto . . . and we, as experts, were asked which target should be the most suitable for the dropping of the Atomic bomb, according to the experience we had gathered from the tests.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Whom do you mean by We, Doctor?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | A-An advisory council of nuclear physicists, appointed for this purpose by the Secretary of War.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Who was on that council?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Fermi, Lawrence, Arthur H. Compton, and myself.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | And you had to select the targets?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | No. We supplied the scientific data as to the suitability of the targets.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | What kind of target did you consider to be a desired suitability?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | According to our calculations, the area had to be at least two miles in diameter, densely built up, and preferably with wooden buildings because of the blast, and the subsequent wave of fire. Also, the selected targets had to be of a high military and strategic value, and unscathed by previous bombardments.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Why, Doctor?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | To enable us to measure exactly the effect of a single atomic bomb.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | These military considerations, I mean, after all, they were the business of the physicists, werent they, at that time?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Yes. Because we were the only people who knew how to conduct those kinds of calculations.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | I see. Im rather out of my depth here. How did you feel, Doctor?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I asked myself that question, later. I dont know . . . I was very relieved when the Secretary of War followed our suggestions and crossed the famous temple city, Kyoto, off the list. It was the largest and most vulnerable target.[/list]
[list]JUNE 1945
[sub]Kyoto Interim[/sub][/list]
INTERIM COMMITTEE, THE PENTAGON AFTERNOON
[sub]ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA, Paramountica[/sub]
| The Interim Committee was a secret high-level group created in May 1945 by United States Secretary of War, HENRY STIMSON at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of President HENRY A. WALLACE to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy. he committee was advised by a Scientific Panel of four physicists from the Manhattan Project: ENRICO FERMIE and ARTHUR H. COMPTON of the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago; ERNEST O. LAWRENCE of the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley; and J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, who directed the bomb assembly program at Los Alamos Theyre all, military and scientific leadership, gathered in the Secretary of Wars office. Theyre already in the midst of a discussion. |
[list]| HENRY STIMSON, [sub]Secretary of War[/sub] | We uh, list of 12 cities to choose from Im sorry, 11.[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER glances as STIMSON takes a fountain pen to a document before him. |
[list]| HENRY STIMSON, [sub]Secretary of War[/sub] | Ive taken Kyoto off the list due its cultural significance to the Japanese people . . . Also my wife and I honeymooned there. Its a magnificent city.[/list]
| STIMSON looks up to the group with a soft smile, assured of the 11 other possibilities. |
[list]| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] [sup](V.O.)[/sup] | But you did not oppose the dropping of the atom bomb on Hiroshima?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] [sup](V.O.)[/sup] | We set forth arguments against[/list]
[list]APRIL 1954
[sub]I. Fission[/sub][/list]
ROOM 2022, BUILDING T-3, ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION MORNING
[sub]WASHINGTON D.C., Paramountica[/sub]
[list]| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Im asking you, Doctor, whether you opposed it.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I set forth arguments against dropping it.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Against dropping the atom bomb?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Yes, thats right. But I did not press the point. Not specifically.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | You mean to say . . . that having worked day and night for three or four years to produce the atomic bomb, you then argued it should not be used?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | N-No. When I was asked by the Secretary of War I set forth the arguments both for and against. I expressed my uneasiness.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Did you not also determine the height, doctor, at which the atomic bomb was to explode in order to produce maximum effect?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | We, as experts, were doing a job we were asked to do. But this does not mean that we thereby decided that the bomb should in fact be dropped.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Did you have moral scruples about that?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Terrible ones.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | You had terrible moral scruples?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I wouldnt know anyone who would not have had terrible moral scruples after the dropping of the bomb.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Isnt that a trifle paradoxical?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | What is? To have moral scruples?[/list]
[list]15 JULY 1945
[sub]Force from which the Sun[/sub][/list]
THE TOWER, TRINITY SITE AFTERNOON
[sub]ALAMOGORDO, NEW MEXICO, Paramountica[/sub]
[list][pre]In battle, in forest, at the precipice in the mountains
On the dark great sea, in the midst of javelins and arrows,
In sleep, in confusion, in the depths of shame,
The good deeds a man has done before defend him.[/pre][/list]
| In the late afternoon, on the eve of trinity as thunderclouds began to roll in OPPENHEIMER in his tan tweed suit, blue collared shirt, porkpie fedora and dark blue tie arrived before the Trinity tower for one last look at The Gadget . . . He was alone, and without haste, began to climb the tower. |
[list][pre]We imagine a future, and our imaginations horrify us.[/pre][/list]
[list]| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] [sup](V.O.)[/sup] | To produce the thing[/list]
| With his hands gripping the metal rungs of the ladder, OPPENHEIMER climbed up, a physicist reaching new heights as a BRIGHT incredible ball of orange and gold, like an ice cream scoop on the desert floor expanded . . . and expanded. |
[list][pre]They wont fear it until understand it, and they wont understand it until theyve used it.[/pre][/list]
[list]| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] [sup](V.O.)[/sup] | To pick the targets[/list]
| A storm was brewing, as OPPENHEIMER continued to climb up that metal ladder as the pillar of fire grew, expanding its spherical radius further and further, rushing like WAVES across the desert floor. |
[list][pre]Theory will take you only so far.[/pre][/list]
[list]| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] [sup](V.O.)[/sup] | To determine the height at which the explosion has maximum effort[/list]
| The desert winds didnt deter OPPENHEIMER however, as he climbed further and further, with each rung his polished leather shoes going up further, careful not to slip as he ascended the tower The great engulfment of fire, hotter than the surface of the sun took over surrounding cactus and mesa rock formations. |
[list][pre]I dont know if we can be trusted, with such a weapon But we have no choice.[/pre][/list]
| The pillar of fire, the engulfment shook the ground, sweeping away with its BRILLIANT bright sun surface until everything was |
[list]APRIL 1954
[sub]I. Fission[/sub][/list]
ROOM 2022, BUILDING T-3, ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION MORNING
[sub]WASHINGTON D.C., Paramountica[/sub]
[list]| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | And then to be overcome by moral scruples at the consequences. Isnt that a refill paradoxical, Doctor?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Yes . . . It is the kind of paradoxical thing we physicists have been living with for several years now.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Would you elucidate that?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | The great discovers of modern science have been put to horrible use. Nuclear energy is not the atomic bomb.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | You mean it could be exploited industrially, and so forth?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | It could produce abundance, for the first time. Its a matter of cheap energy.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | You are thinking of a Golden Age, a Land of Camelot, that sort of thing?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | . . . Yes, plenty for all. It is our misfortunate that people rather think of the reserve kind of uses.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Whom do you mean by people, Doctor?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Governments. The world is not ready for the new discovers. It is out of joint.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | And you have come along to set it right, as Hamlet says?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I can do no such thing. The world itself must do that.
| THOMAS A. MORGAN, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing[/sub] | Dr. Oppenheimer . . . Do you mean to tell an old pragmatist like me that you made the atomic bomb in order to create Camelot? Did you not make it in order to use it and win the war with it?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | We made it in order to prevent it being used. Originally, at any rate.
| THOMAS A. MORGAN, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing[/sub] | You spent two billion dollars of taxpayers money on a bomb in order to prevent it from being used?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | To prevent it from being used by the Germans. In the end it turned out there wasnt any German atom bomb project . . . but then we used it all the same.
| C.A. ROLANDER [sub]Associate for the A.E.C. Counsel[/sub] | I beg your pardon, sir, but were you really not asked at a certain stage in the development of the bomb . . . were you not asked whether it should be used against Japan?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | We werent asked whether it should be used, but only how it should be used in order to produce the maximum effort.
| C.A. ROLANDER [sub]Associate for the A.E.C. Counsel[/sub] | Did not the Secretary of War show you the so-called Franck Report, the memorandum by the physicists Szilard, Franck, and others? It strongly opposed the dropping of the bomb on Japan and recommended an internationally public demonstration of the bomb over a desert. Or what of the Szilárd petition?[/list]
[list]JULY 1945
[sub]You Can Convince Anyone[/sub][/list]
LOBBY, MAYFLOWER HOTEL AFTERNOON
[sub]WASHINGTON D.C., Paramountica[/sub]
| OPPENHEIMER walks with his wide porkpie hat and overcoat over an arm from the elevators to an waiting government sedan with LT. GEN. GROVES. As he does so, he spots LEO SZILARD and DAVID L. HILL, seated in the lobby. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Youre a long way from Chicago, Leo.
| LEO SZILARD, [sub]Chicago Pile-1 Physicist[/sub] | If we dont act now, theyre going to use this thing against Japan . . . We booked a meeting with Wallace but somebody killed it. You are meeting the Secretary of War
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Just because were building it, doesnt mean we get to decide how its used.
| LEO SZILARD, [sub]Chicago Pile-1 Physicist[/sub] | History will judge us, Robert. In Chicago we put together a petition.[/list]
| HILL stands up and tries to show OPPENHEIMER the clipboard, who with wide eyes slightly overreacts and tries to shove the clipboard away, causing HILL to lose his hold and drop it upon the marble floor. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Im not Im not getting into that . . . J-Just tell me your concerns and I will relay them to Stimson.
| LEO SZILARD, [sub]Chicago Pile-1 Physicist[/sub] | My concerns? Germanys been defeated. Japan is not going to hold out for long.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | How would you know that? . . . You got us into this, you and Einstein with your letter to Roosevelt saying we could build a bomb.
| LEO SZILARD, [sub]Chicago Pile-1 Physicist[/sub] | Against Germany!
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Thats not how weapons manufacturing works, Szilárd.
| LEO SZILARD, [sub]Chicago Pile-1 Physicist[/sub] | Oppie you have to help.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Fermi is in the meeting, Lawrence is in the meeting.
| LEO SZILARD, [sub]Chicago Pile-1 Physicist[/sub] | Theyre not you! . . . Your the great salesman of science You can convince anyone of anything . . . Including yourself.[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER, already stunned enough and uncomfortable by the conversation, pivots to leave with a motion. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | E-Excuse me.[/list]
[list]APRIL 1954
[sub]I. Fission[/sub][/list]
ROOM 2022, BUILDING T-3, ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION MORNING
[sub]WASHINGTON D.C., Paramountica[/sub]
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | We were given it to read. Thats right, however not officially, I believe.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | What did you say to that, Doctor?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | That we were in position to decide this question, that opinion was divided among us. We set forth our arguments both For, and Against.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Were you against?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | Lawrence was against. I was undecided, Im afraid I think that we said that the exploding of one of these things as a firecracker over a desert wasnt likely to be very impressive and possibly, that by overriding consideration should be the saving of lies, by bringing the war to an end as soon as possible.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Did this not mean, in effect, Doctor, that you were against a demonstration of the weapon and if it being dropped without warning?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | It most certainly did not mean that. No. We were physicists, not the military, not politicians. That was the time of very heavy fighting on Okinawa, It was horrible.[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER shifts in his seat. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | We scientists have been on the brink of presumptuousness in those years. We have known sin.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Good, Doctor. We shall speak on those sins.[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER gives off a slightly distressed chuckle at ROBBs response. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I guess we dont mean the same thing.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | That is something were going to find out, Doctor . . . The reason I am digging up this old Hiroshima business is this I want to figure out when and why, at that time, you devoted yourself to such single-mindedness to your tasks, with 100% loyalty, I would say and why later, in the matter of the hydrogen bomb, you adopted an entirely different attitude.
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | I-I It doesnt bear comparison, I think.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | It doesnt?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | No, it doesnt.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Would you have supported dropping a hydrogen bomb on Hiroshima, Doctor?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | It would have made no sense at all.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Why not?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | The target was too small . . . We were told that the tom bomb was the only means of bringing the war to an end quickly and successfully.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | You dont have to defend yourself, Doctor. Not on that count anyway . . . Did the allegations contained in the letter of the Atomic Energy Commission surprise you?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | They depressed me.[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER slightly looks away from ROBB, who in turn leans in somewhat. |
[list]| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | What exactly depressed you, Doctor?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | That 12 years scientific work in the service of the United States should end in such allegations . . . 23-points in that letter deal with my association with Communists or Communist sympathizers, associations going back more than 12 years. The letter contains only one new point. A most surprising one.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Which point, Doctor?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | That I strongly opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb, on moral and other grounds that I turned other scientists against the Hydrogen bomb, that I thereby considerably slowed down the development of the hydrogen bomb.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | In your opinion, Doctor, this allegation is not justified?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | It is not true.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Not true in any respect?
| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | In no respect at all. Ever since our apprehensions concerning the monopoly of the hydrogen bomb have been proved right ever since the two world powers have been facing each other like scorpions in a bottle there have been people trying to persuade America that the blame lies with traitors.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | I would like, first of all, to deal with your former Communist associations, Doctor, taking the letter of the Atomic Energy Commission as the basis, and would like to hav ethane letter set down in the record.
| LLYOD GARRISON, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | It would be appropriate for Dr. Oppenheimers answering letter to also be set down in the record, Mr. Chairman.
| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | Very well, Mr. Garrison.
| LLYOD GARRISON, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | Furthermore, I would like to submit that the allegations on which Dr. Oppenheimer was cleared in previous security investigations should not be the subject of the present investigation.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | Objection The Atomic Energy Commission wishes to have certain allegations re-investigated, Mr. Chairman, on the basis of the evidence not available at previous investigations.
| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | May I ask, Mr. Robb, what new evidence you wish to present, for instance, as to Point Three of the letter?
| WARD EVANS, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing[/sub] | Which point is that, Mr. Marks?
| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | Point three says there was, 16 years ago, in 1938, Dr. Oppenheimer was an honorary member of the West Coast Council of the Consumers Union. What new evidence is now available?
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | There is fairly new evidence in the matter of a closed Communist meeting at Dr. Oppenheimers residence in 1941[/list]
| OPPENHEIMER facepalms himself somewhat, as MARKS tries to interject. |
[list]| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | I am asking you about Point Three
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | And a fairly new witness who testified under oath to what Dr. Oppenheimer thinks fit to deny.
| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | Does that witness happen to be a Mr. Paul Crouch?
| C.A. ROLANDER [sub]Associate for the A.E.C. Counsel[/sub] | Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask Mr. Marks why he conjectures that a witness may be Paul Crouch.
| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | Paul Crouch figures rather excessively as a witness these days, Mr. Rolander. No investigation of anybodys loyalty without him, so to speak a frontman to paint anything and everything red as his full time profession.
| C.A. ROLANDER, [sub]Associate for the A.E.C. Counsel[/sub] | Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask Mr. Marks whether, by some means or other, he obtained information about Dr. Oppenheimer from the secret F.B.I. files.
| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | No. Only you have Mr. Robb have such information. Theres the difference between an investigation and a trial.
| WARD EVANS, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing[/sub] | I beg your pardon, it is rather bewildering, I am not used to this sort of thing . . . Mr. Rolander, who is this Paul fellow?
| C.A. ROLANDER, [sub]Associate for the A.E.C. Counsel[/sub] | Paul Crouch is a former Communist functionary who has turned his back on Communism.
| WARD EVANS, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing[/sub] | And he knows Dr. Oppenheimer?
| HERBERT S. MARKS, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | He knows Dr. Oppenheimer and Soviet premier Malenkov, but I guess they both happen not to know him![/list]
| OPPENHEIMER stares a thousand yards away, starting to become bewildered by the proceedings. |
[list]| J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER, [sub]Theoretical Physicist[/sub] | . . . Is anyone, ever going to tell the truth . . . about what is happening here.
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | As for Point Three, I uphold my objection for the following reasons: There is new evidence, and there are new rules governing clearance according to the Atomic security Furthermore, it appears to me that theres clearly some connection between Dr. Oppenheimer and this former associations and his postwar attitudes on the matter of the Hydrogen bomb. I wish therefore to retain the right to question him[/list]
| GARRISON turns to glance at OPPENHEIMER, as KITTY OPPENHEIMER sits behind OPPENHEIMER on the sofa. |
[list]| LLYOD GARRISON, [sub]Lawyer & Oppenheimer Defense[/sub] | Im sorry, Robert . . .
| ROGER ROBB, [sub]Counsel for Atomic Energy[/sub] | . . . and other witnesses, as to these matters. In his own interest as well.
| GORDON GRAY, [sub]A.E.C. | Security Hearing Chairman[/sub] | Objection sustained.[/list]
APRIL 54 | EXCERPTS OF SUCH AN EMINENT MAN
[list][sub]Instantly, the news had a polarizing effect; American Liberals were petrified to see such an Eminent Man could be attacked in such a method, indeed unlike Americas right liberals and the left had regarded OPPENHEIMER very much as that Prophet of public policy, an intelligentsia icon of his day and knower of all of Americas atomic secrets.[/sub][/list]
[list][list][pre]. . . Strauss and the Eisenhower people are certainly getting petty. I can conceive of no move more calculated to bolster McCarthy and to encourage which hunting than this throwback to the prewar years and this attempt to search under the bed of Oppenheimers past to see whom he was talking to or meeting with in 1939 or 1940 . . .[/pre]
DREW PEARSON, liberal syndicated columnist.[/list][/list]
[list][sub]Conservative and right-winged commentators however, capturing the rights swing during the postwar has had gravitated to the story in a positive light. They had, as the decade continued, embarked on a crusade against Americas liberal establishments from the sciences to the arts blacklisting noted members of nearly every profession from labor union action to college academia, to Hollywood screenwriters and now, makers of scientific public policy. It reached levels of mass hysteria two days prior to the commencement of the April 12th hearings, on Sunday.[/sub][/list]
[list][list][pre]. . . Senator McCarthy, that important crusader against the internal Communist threat around us intends to reveal a key atomic figure had urged that the H-bomb would not be built at all! This famous atomic scientist had been an active Communist Party member and the leader of a red cell included other noted atomic scientists! . . .[/pre]
WALTER WINCHELL, His Sunday telecast & radio broadcast.[/list][/list]
𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐘𝐎𝐑𝐊 𝐓𝐈𝐌𝐄𝐒[pre]DR. OPPENHEIMER SUSPENDED BY A.E.C. IN SECURITY REVIEW; SCIENTIST DEFENDS RECORD; HEARINGS STARTED; ACCESS TO SECRET DATA DENIED NUCLEAR EXPERTRED TIES ALLEGED
[/pre]
____________
[sub]¹ A Series: OPPENHEIMER, the agony and humiliation that he was to endure in 1954 was not unique during the era of McCarthy. He was Americas Prometheus, the father of the Atomic Bomb, and lesser-known but more impactful as the father of modern American psychics.[/sub]
Arcanda, Bayern Kahla, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, East Germany Ddr, Saudi Arabiyah, Vancouver Straits, Metropolitan Francais, Puerto Somoza, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
[list]August 1961
[sub]Sultan Qaboos arrived at the United States.[/sub][/list]
[sub]In the beginning of the middle of August, Sultan Qaboos bin Said has landed in Washington DC, the capital of Paramountica where he will begin the final stage of his state visits. As he was walking down from the plane he was greeted by both Omanis living in the US and those who were born in the US who came to see their new Sultan for the first time. Qaboos enters into the limousine and were escorted by black cars driven by US secret service to the White House. Once he arrived, Sultan Qaboos was greeted with a warm welcome by President John F Kennedy who took the sultan to his audience room in the White House. For three days Sultan Qaboos, been having talks with US President John F Kennedy concerning US continuing to support and supplies his country in modernization and get Oman to join the UN and in the end the meeting came out fruitful. President Kennedy told Qaboos that US will continue to help Oman in modernization but cant endorse Oman but promise to ask his ally, Saudi Arabia to endorse Oman into the UN. A few hours after the meeting, Sultan Qaboos left America and headed back home to Oman, thus Qaboos has completed his first state visits as Sultan of Oman.[/sub]
[spoiler="We must all work together to build a better, more peaceful and stable world.
Qaboos bin Said Al Said, Sultan of Oman
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok, Ngiera
[list]June, 1961
[sub]Flames of Revolution[/sub][/list]
[list]IJEAWELE DECLARES WESTERN MUNITY IN FIRST ROLL OF THE DICE[/list][/list]
[list]| Leader of the Nigerian Revolutionary Front, or more known as the NRF, led by Chiemeka Ijeawele, has quickly become a growing threat to democracy in Nigeria, even through his short period of being an organisation. With thousands of members across the country, with the majority of them situated in the Western Nigerian Region, the group is an African socialist militant group, with direct opposition towards regional nationalism and to create a unified and secular nation under revolutionary socialism. The brand of radical socialism has spread across the middle east and north Africa, but could be hitting Nigeria very shortly. Having been in discussion with socialist Governor Okpara of Western Nigeria over political support since March, the NRF had gained a foothold in the region's militia ranks, with Ijeawele himself given the role of Vice-Colonel of West Nigeria Militia, with various high-ranking members of the NRF been given various rolls across the board, in exchange for a deal of political support to Okpara during federal meetings. This deal then allowed the NRF to have de-facto control of the region's militia, under the control of regional governance, and saw it almost become the groups' personal army. Citing the PM's lack of popular support within the region itself, and the dominance of Okpara's ideology of democratic socialism within the region, Chairman of the NRF Ijeawele announced that, via a democratic vote within the militia's ranks, that a regional mutiny was to begin, with all soldiers resigning from their charges and will not take order directly from the Prime Minister. |
| This could just be the first roll of the dice from the NRF Chairman, who's ultimate goal would be to take control of Nigeria via any means necessary, and getting political infulence within Western Nigeria via connections with Okpara and a political foothold in Nigeria would just be the first step. Elsewhere, Ijeawele's vice chairman and veteran African socialist, Funmilayo Oyebola, focused his efforts on expanding the groups' operations in the Delta and Eastern Nigeria, setting up local newspapers to spread the ideological message as-well as expanding their centralised militia. While unlikely to prove to be effective in the other two regions, the group has been in contact with Action Group and the Nigerian Delta Congress, two key political parties who could hold the balance of power in the situation of instability in Nigeria. While not ideologically left or right, a more big-tent party, they have attempted to prop up left-leaning figures in both parties to push for an ideological shift to the Left, citing if the party could gain support in these areas. Despite the growth of the organisation in size and popularity, Prime Minister Balewa denounced the mutiny, and announced a harsh federal crackdown on the group. |
| A vocal opposer of the NRF, Prime Minister Balewa's crackdown is reasoned of two things - political threat and security. While seemingly done for national security and protection of democracy, the actual reason is that the PM sees the group as a political threat to himself and his government. With a growth in support and political support from Okpara, it now becomes not only a security risk, a political risk. With the crackdown, it now outlaws the organisation, but will not be effective across the country. While adopted to Northern Nigeria, the socialist-aligned Western Nigeria is unlikely to pass the outlaw, and could become the hot-bed for the unregulated rise of Nigerian Socialism. The battle for Nigerian democracy starts now, with the question of who will victorious.|
Paramountica, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
Post by Ekhand Bharat suppressed by Paramountica.
*flings poo across the room*
Bharaat wrdl pwr 2024! wrdl will sffr and endians will conqur wst and take whte brides mwahahaha!
[list][list]SEPTEMBER 1961
[sub]139th Anniversary[/sub][/list]
[pre] O R D E M E P R O G R E S S O [/pre]
[list][sub][pre]Hail, precious banner of hope!
Hail, august symbol of peace!
Thy noble presence to our minds
The greatness of our motherland does bring.[/pre][/sub][/list]
BRASÍLIA, FEDERAL DISTRICT, Brazil Toucan MORNINGTIME
[sub]MINISTRIES ESPLANADE, MONUMENTAL AXIS[/sub]
| A few days earlier, in Brasília, preparations were already underway for the National Independence Day parade, the most important day for all Brazilians. At the Planalto Palace, President SARAH KUBITSCHEK, after a meeting with the Cabinet, went to Brasília Airport and flew to Rio de Janeiro, where she will be received by a famous local stylist who will show her about 80 very expensive dresses (all will be paid for by the government). SARAH chose a dress and a necklace and two pairs of diamond earrings. The President of the Republic, also acting as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, is the main guest of the parade that will be held in the Ministries Esplanade. |
| Initially, President SARAH wanted 40,000 civilians to attend the parade, but it was suggested by senior government officials to reduce it to just 20,000 so that the police would have better control. At the end of the parade, the President will deliver a speech and shake hands with military personnel and veterans. On Independence Day, the decoration of the Planalto Palace was quite simple, with just two Brazilian flags in the main hall and a beautiful wooden table in the center. |
[list]| SARAH KUBITSCHEK, [sub]President of the Republic[/sub] | I love this wooden table, from now on I will sign my executive orders under it.[/list]
| Surrounded by her ministers, Sarah left the Planalto Palace and headed for her car. Before arriving at the parade site, the President decided to get out of the car and greet some Brazilians. After a few handshakes and hugs, she finally makes it to the parade, where the celebrations begin. In 1822, 139 years ago, Brazil freed itself from the clutches of Portugal. |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Arcanda, Bayern Kahla, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Adriatican Islands, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
[list]September 1961
[sub]A New Government[/sub][/list]
[pre]E I N I G K E I T U N D R E C H T U N D F R E I H E I T[/pre]
THE FIRST BRANDT GOVERNMENT
[sub]BONN, THE FEDERAL CAPITAL, New Provenance - MORNING[/sub]
[sub]Ambience: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u99f9RAvwu4[/sub]
| Twelve years of uninterrupted rule by the Christian Democratic Union, the Christian Social Union, and her former coalition partner, the Free Democratic Party, has finally come to a close. After twelve years and three federal elections, the CDU-FDP coalition has finally ended, with FDP leader Erich Mende announcing that his party would be entering into a coalition government with the center-left Social Democratic Party, forming the country's first socially progressive government, to be led by Chancellor-in-Waiting Willy Brandt. Negotiations between the CDU and the FDP had stalled when Kiesinger refused to accept FDP requests for stronger regulations on the country's developing nuclear energy programs, and the SPD and FDP chose to form a broadly liberal coalition. Reinhold Meier's German Democratic Party (DPD), pointing to its 'traditionalist political outlook', withdrew its support for an SPD coalition government, and announced its intention to join the new opposition to the SPD-FDP government, standing for the first time alongside the Christian Democrats. |
| The results of negotiations were announced on the evening of September 10th, 1961, Sunday, as the Governing Mayor of Berlin and the FDP chairman held a joint press conference. The country was both surprised and not surprised by the results of negotiations. Mende had been quietly drifting from their Christian Democratic counterparts for some time now, with their most glaring issues coming on social issues. While they continued to largely have consensus on economic matters, voters had gone to the polls with recent economic growth slowdowns in mind. With a combined 212 seats in the Federal Bundestag, Germany's legislature, the new SPD-FDP government is expected to have a relatively small ten-seat majority, with the CDU/CSU and the DPD standing in opposition - though, the DPD has signaled its intention to 'recognize and support' common-sense government policies. |
| The CDU was in quiet shock. Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger declined to comment on his failure to form a government until Tuesday, when he stated that the 'will could not be unwritten' and that he would be wholly intending to 'keep fighting for the rights of Germans and the empowerment of the German people from the sidelines'. Kiesinger's failure to accomplish what Adenauer had done with ease raised concerns about the future of the party. They were still the strongest party in the country politically, yes, but were they lead by the right man? Ludwig Erhard, the Minister for Economy who had drawn up Germany's historic levels of economic growth, which have surged the countries to top spots as of late, lightly criticized Kiesinger for his setbacks, stating that 'stronger leadership may be required'. Adenauer, as Federal President, made no comment on the issue, and merely stated that he would be working 'all hands on desk' to work with the new government. |
| On 13 September 1961, the Christian Democratic Union formally handed over the reins of power in Germany - ending a historic period in the country's history. With the full 212-member coalition government voting in favor, Willy Brandt - Governing Mayor of Berlin - would ascend to the position of the Third Federal Chancellor of the Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Erich Mende would be voted in as Vice-Chancellor with the support of the Democrats as per the coalition agreement. Speaking with the media after the vote, the newly-inaugurated Chancellor - the youngest in German history at 48 - would express confidence in his ability to lead the country, pointing to Vice-Chancellor Mende and other legislative partners as 'strong men supportive of a Germany for the common people'. He would be faced with many issues, the largest being foreign policy, the European Economic Community, and the need to match and even outpace the growth generated in the Fifties by right-wing governments. Now, Brandt's social policies that succeeded so well in West Berlin will now be tested on the national stage. |
[list]"This election, the German people showed that they did not want a majority government led by the center-right. They rejected them and chose new leadership. I intend to deliver that new leadership."[/list]
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Arcanda, Bayern Kahla, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li, Bhaarat Lok
[list]September 1961
[sub]The 1961 Elections[/sub][/list]
[list][list][pre]1961 के चुनावों में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस विजयी रही, लेकिन भारतीय वाम दल सशक्त बना रहा
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS STANDS VICTORIOUS IN THE 1961 ELECTIONS, BUT THE INDIAN LEFT REMAINS EMPOWERED[/pre][/list][/list]
[list][sub]SEPTEMBER 1961 | सितम्बर 1961[/sub][/list]
| [sub]As with the previous elections in the Republic of India, this 1961 election would be practically pre-determined. The Indian National Congress, now led solely by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru with the departure of the frail Mahatma Gandhi from the Union Presidency in June, was widely favored to win by yet another landslide victory. Popular vote polling where indicating a clean sweep of the Forward India coalition despite its best efforts, and the Lok Sabha - the lower, more powerful chamber of India's legislative body - was widely favored to be headed towards yet another INC supermajority. This election, an absolutely immense 115 million votes would be cast towards candidates and parties across the country. India's political system is extremely complicated, but the formation of the Forward India coalition - a broadly center-left, socially progressive alliance of opposition parties - simplified the process significantly.[/sub] |
| [sub]Heading into the election, there was a significantly larger amount of competitive seats in the Lok Sabha, thanks largely to tactical candidate positioning by the Forward India coalition. Coalition members had tentatively agreed to not contest seats another coalition member was likely to win - drastically boosting their chances at winning more seats, which stands in line with the coalition's goal of attempting to prevent the INC from securing yet another sweeping legislative supermajority, which by law allows them to continue amending the Constitution and instituting sweeping changes towards their benefit, or so the opposition claimed on the campaign trail. Urban cities and suburban voters were likely to go for the opposition, while rural communities and the border regions were widely projected to go towards the Congress party. The leaders of the top parties are as follows.[/sub] |
[list][pre]Indian National Congress (INC) - Jawaharlal Nehru - Center/center-right - 43% in exit polls
Praja Socialist Party (PSP) - Jayaprakash Narayan - Social democratic - 14% in exit polls
Communist Party of India (CPI) - Shripat Amit Dange - Communist - 9% in exit polls
Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) - Syama Prasad Mukherjee - Hindu nationalist/right-wing - 8% in exit polls
Republican Party of India (RPI) - B.R. Ambedkar - Republican democratic - 8% in exit polls
People's Democratic Front (PDF) - Pendyala Raghava Rao - Communist - 1% in exit polls[/pre][/list]
| [sub]The elections had been delayed from June to September in a controversial move by the Indian National Congress to 'extend the campaign period and accomodate for better preparations for expected large turnout'. First it was scheduled for August, but a series of flash floods in northern India caused additional delays. This 2 September 1961, the Indian Republic finally went out to vote in droves, with voting stations reportedly occupied for hours on end. Voting times were extended across the state, with new waves of volunteers to monitor the vote casting and vote counting having to be deployed later in the day. The tedious process of ballot counting would then begin, and six days later, after contentious recounts in several close races on the outskirts of Delhi and Hyderabad, India's electoral commission would formally announce the results.[/sub] |
[list][pre]THE 1961 NATIONAL ELECTIONS - REPUBLIC OF INDIA
Indian National Congress (INC) - Jawaharlal Nehru - 46,413,062 votes (40.3%) - 351 seats (-15)
Praja Socialist Party (PSP) - Jayaprakash Narayan - 18,657,360 votes (16.2%) - 40 seats (+16)
Communist Party of India (CPI) - Shripat Amit Dange - 13,589,929 votes (11.8%) - 25 seats (no change)
Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) - Syama Prasad Mukherjee - 11,747,226 votes (10.2%) - 30 seats (+25)
Republican Party of India (RPI) - B.R. Ambedkar - 8,176,991 votes (7.1%) - 12 seats (no change)
People's Democratic Front (PDF) - Pendyala Raghava Rao - 3,915,742 votes (3.4%) - 9 seats (+7)
Other parties - 12,668,577 votes (11.0%) - 41 seats (-19)[/pre][/list]
| [sub]By all accounts, the election was yet another victory for the Indian National Congress, which since its inception had been more on the center-left side of the issues, especially when pertaining to the economy and to welfare. The Congress party received 46.4 million votes, or over 40.3% of the vote - a historic low for the party in terms of popular vote counts. The losses in the Lok Sabha were more significant, with the party losing 15 seats, standing now at only 351 of the 408 seats in the Lok Sabha. The party still held on to its supermajority of seats, but perhaps indicative of a larger trend, the Forward India coalition combined secured over 38.5% of the vote - only 2 percentage points behind the INC. Had all opposition voters casted their vote for one party, the INC's ability to maintain its current government under Prime Minister Nehru could have been seriously put in danger. But now, the INC stood victorious, albeit anxious at the strength with which Forward India had carried urban areas. The PSP received 18 million votes and gained 16 seats this election, while the communist PDF - a sister party to the Communists of Shripat Amit Dange - received 3.9 million votes and gained 7 seats. The largest victor of this election, however, is the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) party - a Hindu nationalist party that won 11.7 million votes and gained an immense 25 seats. The party almost certainly split the right-wing vote, to which the INC was seeking to appeal to with its more combative foreign policy and border policy.[/sub] |
| [sub]While by all persons the INC definitively won this election, the Indian left walked out satisfied, having performed significantly better than previously expected. With Gandhi's immense presence in the Congress now gone as well, the Indian left is left empowered by these results, and optimistic towards future cycles where they could continue on this trend of increasingly strong electoral performances.[/sub] |
| [sub]Back in June of this year, India's presidency was finally succeeded to, with the retirement of the ageing and frail Mahatma Gandhi, father of the Indian independence movement and one of the founding fathers of the Indian National Congress party. In the June vote among the Indian electoral college, independent but INC-backed candidate Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the current Vice-President, received 89.4% of the vote, against 9.9% who voted for the unified candidate for Forward India. Radhakrishnan as the second Union President pledged his support for the 'continuation' of Nehru's government, which is likely to undergo a significant Cabinet reshuffle in the early days of the new session of government in light of the election results.[/sub] |
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Arcanda, Bayern Kahla, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
Two Child Policy Act and the Polygamy Ban Act
1961
Continuing its trend of controversial acts, the Senghor government has announced two back-to-back pieces of legislation that have promised to curb the rapidly growing Malian population. The Polygamy Ban Act, and the Two Child Policy Act
Background:
Before 1960, Most states that were made of the constituent French West African Federation were relatively self-sufficient in grain. French Sudan for instance was self-sufficient entirely in grain, owing to its strong push for growing rice, sorghum, and some amounts of wheat. As independence came closer, population numbers began to explode, with rapidly increasing growth rates every year. This put immense strain on the economies and food resources of the region. Sudan, and many others fell from food self-sufficiency, and the threat of a poor harvest could turn a bad situation, apocalyptic.
Mamadou Dia and the Economic Planning Committee of Mali recommended the curbing of population growth rates, recommending restrictions on the number of children allowed, and the drastic increase of womens rights and access to contraceptives, as well as most controversially, banning polygamy. Surprisingly, Dia would not find support from the Roman Catholic Léopold Senghor, but instead the polygamist President, and Deputy Minister.
Despite having 3 wives himself, President Modibo Keïta was highly critical of the practice of polygamy. Sudan had more explicitly than any other area in the federation experienced the pressures of population growth and the diminishment of harvest. Ahmed Sékou was even more supportive than Keïta enthusiastically calling for its ban.
Of course, the three did agree to attempt to break up all polygamous marriages immediately would only cause issues. Instead, they called for a ban on any new polygamous marriages and provided divorce support for anyone who wished out of their current one.
Polygamy Ban Act
The Polygamy Ban Act declares illegal, all new polygamous marriages from 1960 onwards.
any new polygamous marriages from 1960 onwards will be declared null and void. They will not be legally recognized, and if discovered will incur fines, including but not limited to:
-2 Years in Prison
-Proportional monetary fine, whether in currency or assets
-Seizure of all assets received in the other non-primary marriages (usually cattle or animals)
Any Imam or Cleric who knowingly officiates a polygamous marriage will receive the following punishments:
-Stripping off all licenses to own a mosque, preach, or officiate any weddings.
-3 Year prison sentence, proportional fine, seizure of property.
The Act passed with much argument, and back and forth with 53 - 27 votes in the legislature.
Two Child Policy Act
Recognizing the current unsustainably of the current population growth, with the economic growth of the nation. The Malian government institutes the following restriction:
From here forward, all new families may only have 2 children.
Current families with more than 2 children, or with someone currently pregnant with another child will not be punished; however, any new children will cause institution of punishment.
Punishments including for violation of the policy:
-A fine of no more than 2 times the yearly income of a violator of the law.
-If the violator is unable to pay, garnishment of wages, appropriation of property, and imprisonment are all allowable options.
The government will expand efforts to provide contraceptives, as well as education on sexual health, and family planning for families. This will be undertaken by a newly created Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Public Reactions:
Public reaction to the aforementioned laws has been divided.
The Polygamy Ban immediately ignited fierce protests among the more conservative members of Mali. For Muslims to Traditional African Religions, polygamy had been a facet of Malian life for thousands of years. At first, they rushed to blame Senghor and the Catholics, only to learn, Senghor had spoken against the proposal. Instead, they turned their hatred towards Keïta and Touré. President Keïta particularly was reviled due to his practice of Polygamy, having three wives himself. In a very public display, Keïta would divorce his wife. Nonetheless, it was an open rumor for the rest of his life that he continued to see his wives regularly.
For the Two Child Policy Act, the populace remained apathetic to the change. Most educated citizens recognized the need to limit population growth. Even many rural citizens realized as each famine grew harsher, and self-sufficiency began to fade, that they needed to do something. Some felt nervous about the government punishing people for having children, and some believed it was their mandated duty to have children. Further, those who relied on children for farm labor, and families with high child mortality rates also grumbled.
In its continuing game of balance, when the government had angered liberals and Christians by anti-conversion laws, and endeared themselves to their Muslim and traditional African religious people, the Malian government had now done the reverse. The careful balancing act of the reform, while keeping everyone on neutral terms with the government continued.
Paramountica, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
Howdy everyone I'm new
Cascadla
GDNYIA AND GDNASK PORTS EXPANDED
Polish Peoples Republic
Sept. 1961
As a part of the Postęp reforms introduced by First Secretary Gomułka, an expansion of the capacity of the Gdnyia and Gdansk ports, as well as the Gdnyia and Gdansk shipyards, began in early 1960.
After over a year of construction, the expansion project was completed.
For the ports, vast new portions of storage buildings were built, and their capacity was increased by nearly 20%.
For the shipyards, several new buildings, focused on expanding storage and shipbuilding capabilities.
The Communist Party of the Pomorskie Voivedoship has praised the governments expansion project, in a statement, the local Communist Party secretary Jan Ganoł stated his support for the expansion, and the Postęp reforms.
"Gdnask and Gdnyia are the center of the Polish trade economy, and their neglect under the years of Stalinist rule have stopped Poland from realizing its full economic potential. This project will easily introduce hundreds of new jobs in the area, and most importantly lift up the economy of the entire nation.
I have no doubts on the successes of the Postęp reforms, they have already done so much good for the nation, and they will continue to do good for the nation. "
Paramountica, Arcanda, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Adriatican Islands, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
Post self-deleted by European Union Eu.
BENELUX FOLLOWS MALI AND VOTES TO NOT RECOGNIZE FOREIGN LEGAL POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGES IN ITS TERRITORY
The Benelux Government of Van Der Meer marks a significant milestone in its commitment with the enactment of a groundbreaking law concerning foreign marriages.
Following in the footsteps of Mali, the United Kingdoms of Benelux have taken a resolute stance to extend their prohibition of polygamy to foreign marriages, asserting their dedication to upholding fundamental principles of modern society.
The new law, passed unanimously by the Benelux Government, introduces several key provisions aimed at safeguarding the rights and welfare of individuals, regardless of their nationality, involved in foreign marriages.
There was little opposition by the general population and especially supported by the united churches of the Benelux Kingdoms.
Professor Bernard Janvier says about the Mali "This new law shows a growing trend worldwide to ban the concept of polygamy not because of religious reasons, but also for reasons related to public order and equality. The example of Mali is in the text books of several universities and legal institutions on how to treat these situations".
------------------------------------------------------------------------
STAATSCOURANT - OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BENELUX
Law 32-125 of the 12th September 1961 on polygamous mariages (#32-61)
Article 1: Definitions
1.1. "Polygamous Marriage" refers to a marriage wherein one individual is simultaneously married to multiple spouses, regardless of gender.
Article 2: Prohibition of Recognition
2.1. Polygamous marriages contracted in foreign countries shall not be recognized as valid unions within the territories of the United Kingdoms of Benelux (UKB)Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
2.2. The effects and consequences arising from polygamous marriages shall also not be acknowledged or given legal standing in the Benelux.
Article 3: Non-Recognition of Polygamous Marital Rights
3.1. No spousal rights, entitlements, or privileges arising from polygamous marriages, such as inheritance, property division, or pension benefits, shall be recognized under the laws of the Benelux nations.
3.2. In cases of divorce or dissolution of a polygamous marriage, no spousal support or alimony shall be granted or enforced within the territories of the Benelux.
Article 4: Invalidity of Polygamous Marriages in Legal Proceedings
4.1. In any legal proceeding, including but not limited to family law, inheritance matters, and immigration cases, polygamous marriages shall be deemed void and without legal effect.
4.2. Persons entering into polygamous marriages shall not be considered lawful spouses under the laws of the Benelux nations, and their marital status shall be treated as single.
Article 5: Protection of Individual Rights
5.1. Any individual, regardless of nationality, involved in a polygamous marriage shall be entitled to the protection of their fundamental human rights within the Benelux.
5.2. This law shall not affect the rights of individuals to enter into monogamous marriages recognized by the laws of the Benelux.
Article 6: Public Awareness and Education
6.1. The relevant government authorities of the Benelux shall undertake initiatives to raise public awareness about the non-recognition of polygamous marriages and its implications.
6.2. Educational programs shall be developed to inform citizens, immigrants, and foreign nationals residing within the Benelux about the legal status of polygamous marriages in the region.
Article 7: Transitional Provisions
7.1. This law shall apply to all polygamous marriages entered into after its effective date.
7.2. Polygamous marriages contracted before the effective date of this law shall continue to be governed by the relevant laws and regulations in effect at the time of their formation.
7.3 This law shall enter into force on the day of its publication.
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St
Budapest - Hungarian People's Republic - 1961
About five years had passed since the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 by Soviet forces. Since then under Soviet support János Kádár is placed in the position of General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, being in fact the leader of Hungary, assuming the commitment to avoid a new revolt and another intervention, Kádár starts a process of limited reforms in the country.
First Kádár under Soviet orders followed retributions against the revolutionaries. 21,600 dissidents were imprisoned, 13,000 interned, and 400 executed. But in the early 1960s, he announced a new policy under the motto "He who is not against us is with us", a variation of Rákosi's quote: "He who is not with us is against us". He declared a general amnesty.
Along this the Kádár government had considerably relaxed its line, implementing a unique form of semi-liberal Communism known as "Goulash Communism". The state allowed imports of certain Western consumer and cultural products, homosexuality was decriminalized, he also gave Hungarians greater freedom to travel abroad, and significantly rolled back the secret police state. These measures earned Hungary the moniker of the "merriest barrack in the socialist camp".
[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]
COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY
]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
Welcome!
[list][list][list][pre]RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
FRENCH BUREAUCRACY
PALAIS DE LELYSÉE[/pre][/list]
______
THE ÉLYSÉE PALACE: DE GAULLE NEARLY ASSASSINATED AFTER REMARKS ON KEEPING ALGERIA FRENCH
[sub]VTH REPUBLIC | PARIS, SEPTEMBER 1961[/sub][/list]
[sub]| HELM OF DÈMOCRATIE, PALAIS DE LELYSÉE - | The self-proclaimed "man of destiny" of France, Charles de Gaulle, appeared to have lost his steady hand in recent weeks. The farmers who blocked the highways earlier this summer were still enraged, and the workers complained about low pay. The failure to achieve a settlement in Algeria caused general dejection. The failure of negotiations with the F.L.N. nationalists in June and the gratuitous violence of the French troops at Bizerte were attributed to De Gaulle. All the while De Gaulle remained arrogantly silent, seemingly at a loss for a fresh thought.[/sub]
[sub]De Gaulle was finally determined last week that it was time to organize the nation's support in his own unique style. Invitations to yet another of those opulent press briefings at the Elysée Palace were sent out. At the allotted time, 600 journalists arrived in the opulent Salle des Fétes. Photographers' flashes erupted, and reporters' pencils were ready when the tall, haughty figure came from behind the red curtain to take his place before them. De Gaulle responded to queries for an hour with his signature slow and hazy eloquence. With a wave of his hand, he dismissed his detractors. There have even been doubters, he muttered, "who harbor old and new grudges." However, all of that is "merely froth floating on the surface of deep waters." The French media was incensed to the point of rage. The following day, reports claimed that a huffed-faced De Gaulle was giving evasive responses and was described as "melancholy," "disillusioning," "worn," and "tired." However, as is sometimes the case when the media tries to cover De Gaulle's bluster, the actual meaning of his words only became apparent later. He had two sudden shifts in policy during his rolling terms.[/sub]
[sub]De Gaulle effectively said with a casual air that he would offer Algeria a limited status as an autonomous region withing the French Republic. In a nutshell, De Gaulle grumbled, "As Frenchmen and women, we are not at all eager to be stripped of this region which we hold so dear." That served as a preface before he completely disregarded the entire issue of sovereignty over the oil-rich Sahara Desert, which had been the crux of the last round of negotiations with Algeria's F.L.N. nationalists. "There isn't a single Algerian, as far as I'm aware, who doesn't think that the Sahara shouldn't in fact be a part of Algeria" complained De Gaulle. De Gaulle was still standing by France's demand that French interests be permitted to exploit the Sahara's oil production and that France be given access to the new black African nations that formerly made up the French Community via desert travel routes. However, Benyoussef Benkhedda soon expressed absolutely no interest in restarting negotiations with the F.L.N. once De Gaulle projected French sovereignty over the Sahara.[/sub]
[sub]De Gaulle was frank to the point of being disrespectful about the tense relations with Tunisia over the French military facility at Bizerte. President Habib Bourguiba accepted the French position that France could not withdraw the Bizerte naval facility when war threatened Europe during a visit to France only a few months ago, he recalled with acridity. The Tunisian Republic "then, for reasons probably connected with what is happening in the Arab world, suddenly changed its tone and its tune," sighed De Gaulle. It remained clear and rather certain, that France had no urgent plans to evacuate Bizerte. However it wasn't a permanent situation. "The realities will remain," he declared. Would that Tunis consider them and come to an arrangement with Paris based on common sense. France wishes for such. Bourguiba understood the message, regardless of how direct and rude the statements may have seemed to others. He returned from the neutrals' conference in Belgrade to conduct his own press conference and stated that the French were more than welcome to remain in Bizerte until the prospect of world war passed. He was already concerned that the strained relations with France would destroy his country's economy.[/sub]
[sub]He consented to beginning discussions right away in order to find a "modus vivendi during the dangerous period." He proposed an exchange deal for French prisoners taken during the battle of Bizerte in July in order to start things moving. Bourguiba acknowledged that "disagreeable" comments against Tunisia had been inserted into De Gaulle's statement. These, however, were "possibly brought about by the game of political balance in France," You must be familiar with General de Gaulle's speech patterns and know how to understand him, he said. The S.A.O. (Secret Army Organization), the leader of Algeria's European ultras who had expanded their organization to metropolitan France itself, was taken by surprise by Charles de Gaulle's remarks about Algeria, which incited the wrath of his most ferocious foes. De Gaulle reluctantly boarded his official black Citroen vehicle for the 140-mile trip to his rural residence in Colombey-les-deux-Eglises three days after the news conference.[/sub]
[sub]A mysterious man was waiting in the trees on a dark stretch of highway 90 miles from his destination with a detonator in his hand, a lengthy wire going to a jerrycan of gasoline, and a 9-lb. plastic explosive hidden at the edge of the road. He depressed the plunger as De Gaulle's automobile passed. Flame erupted in its path, scorching the Citroen's paint and breaking a headlight. Amazingly, the bomb itself did not go off. De Gaulle gave his report after lumbering outside to assess the damage: "Just a joke in bad taste." His cops did not treat it so lightly. A few miles away, the person who operated the plunger was apprehended and admitted to being a member of the F.L.N. Police raids started immediately all throughout Northern Algeria. One F.L.N. member was seen driving about in his car with 150 plastic bombs. The detention of two army generals, including General Paul Vanuxem, was more surprising. The other was General Paul de Crèvecoeur, a great Indo-China War veteran and previous commander of the French contingent in Korea. The government declared that these persons were the S.A.O.'s top French officials and that the F.L.N. would indeed pay for their deaths tremendously.[/sub]
[sub]Charles de Gaulle attended Mass two days after almost escaping a gruesome death near his rural residence in Colombey-les-Deux-Eglises. Then, on his way back to Paris, he paused to marvel at the scene of the attempted assassination, just like hundreds of other Frenchmen. Less composed than the rest of the nation, they were still speculating about the plot's technicalities and the future of the De Gaulle government. |[/sub]
[list]______[/list]
[list][list][pre]VIVE LA RÉPUBLIQUE!
VIVE LA FRANCE!
VIVE LEMPIRE![/pre][/list][/list]
[list][spoiler=[sub]𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐌
𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐘[/sub]]
Socialist Democratic Republic Romania
[/spoiler]
Paramountica, Arcanda, Bayern Kahla, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, New Provenance, Adriatican Islands, Brazil Toucan, Turkiye 1St, Ma-Li
Assembled with Dot's Region Saver.
Written by Refuge Isle.