Post Archive

Region: Commonwealth of Liberty

History

[list][list][list][pre]STATUS CIVITATIS VATICANAE

VATICAN CITY STATE

THE HOLY SEE[/pre][/list]

______

SECRETARY OF STATE OF HIS HOLINESS: POPE JOHN XXIII REMAINS OPTIMISTIC IN LIGHT OF RECENT ILLNESS AND GLOBAL ISSUES

[sub]VATICAN CITY | ROME, JANUARY MCMLXIII[/sub][/list]

[sub]| SECRETARIUS STATUS SANCTITATIS SUAE - | The Year of Our Lord 1962 was a year of American resilience, Russian orbiting, European union, and French triumph. These were the events that dominated discussion and drew historical examination during a stressful yet hopeful period. History, however, has a long memory, so it's likely that in her imagination, 1962's most crucial meeting took place in the most famous church in the entire world after spending years in men's hearts and thoughts.[/sub]

[sub]That meeting marked the start of a revolution within Christianity, the world's most popular religion with 1 billion followers. It was the task of the man of the year and it started on October 11 in Rome. By calling the Vatican II Ecumenical Council, Pope John XXIII put in action concepts and forces that will have an impact on not only Christians and Roman Catholics, but also the world's ever-growing population, long after Cuba is again free and India is no longer under siege. Since councils are so uncommon—there have only been 20 in the nearly 2,000 years of Christian history—Pontiff John XXIII made the biggest personal impact on the year by calling for Vatican II to "renew" the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation occurred 400 years ago, thus revolutions in Christianity are even more uncommon. John's historic mission is motivated by a desire to give Christianity "a new Pentecost," or a new spirit. It aims to end the split that has diluted the Christian message for four centuries as well as bringing the mother church of Christendom closer in touch with contemporary society. According to Dr. Carroll L. Shuster of Los Angeles, an administrator of the Presbyterian Church, "the council may have an effect as profound as anything since the days of Martin Luther." Pope John is considered "one of the truly great Popes of Roman Catholic history," according to Methodist and church historian Professor Edwin Booth of Boston University.[/sub]

[sub]Pope John made history in a different way from that of the most dramatic headline of the year by starting a revolution of his own whose scope and loftiness have forced it to outrank the secular issues of the year. Both an embarrassment for Khrushchev and a turning point in the Cold War, President Kennedy's success over the Russian missile threat in Cuba demonstrated that the United States can retain the upper hand in the conflict if it is resolute and willing to utilize its powerful weapons. There were other significant choices and outstanding accomplishments. The United States successfully launched several spacecraft this year, including John Glenn, Telstar, and Mariner II, but it was a group of unnamed Russian scientists who broke the biggest space news of the year by sending the earth-orbiting twins Nikolayev and Popovich on record-breaking, three-day tandem orbits. The momentum of history rolled along with the economic and political union of Europe. At Mass in the Reims Cathedral, the elderly and chubby leaders of the New Europe, Charles de Gaulle and Konrad Adenauer, knelt together, symbolizing the burying of long-standing enmities on the opposite side of the globe. This was coupled with France's victory in Algeria over the waning F.L.N. and the signing of the peace agreement which effectively solidified French authority in Algeria.[/sub]

[sub]The turning point that Christianity reached in 1962 is already guaranteed of a firm place in history, that "mistress of life" to whom Pope John occasionally alludes, especially when measured against such foreboding circumstances. John set out to adapt his church's entire life and stance to the revolutionary changes in science, economics, morality, and politics that have swept the modern world: to make it, in other words, more Catholic and less Roman. His reform's goal is to make the Catholic Church "sine macula et ruga" (without spot or wrinkle). By extending a kind hand to non-Catholics—who he refers to as "separated brethren"—he showed that the barriers separating Christianity do not rise as high as heaven and made a first step toward the far-off and elusive goal of Christian unity. John XXIII is therefore arguably the most well-liked Pope in recent history. He has shown such warmth, simplicity, and charm while leading an organization that is so well-organized that it has been dubbed "the U.S. Steel of churches," winning the hearts of Catholics, Protestants, and non-Christians alike. German Catholic theologian Herbert Vorgrimler says that "Protestant Christians believe they currently have the best Pope in many years." The current sickness of the Pope caused widespread worry. Paul Tillich, a Protestant theologian, thinks that "if we were to pray for anyone in the world right now, it should be Pope John. He is truly a good person."[/sub]

[sub]John possesses not only admirable human traits but also a keen sense of what the world needs and wants. He assumed leadership of the Catholic Church in 1958 at a relatively young age (almost 77), when he was able to rise beyond the formalities and localized concerns of the pope and confront the world as "the universal shepherd." He was first seen as a temporary Pope who would just warm the chair of Peter. John allows his interests to extend well beyond the Catholic realm to include the basic predicament of man in the contemporary world, in contrast to his predecessor, the intellectual and distant Pius XII. In just a few hectic days last week, John showed why he prefers the straightforward term servus servorum Dei—servant of the servants of God—to all the magnificent titles bestowed upon the Roman Pontiff. He addressed the 50 ambassadors to the Holy See after delivering a Christmas message in which he expressed joy over the resolution of the Cuban crisis, noting that his calls for peace at the time "were not words shouted into the wind" and pleaded for Christian unity and peace—"of all the earth's treasures, the most precious and most noteworthy''. The church, according to John, "celebrates all present and future progress which helps men better understand the infinite grandeur of the Creator and applauds man's growing mastery over the forces of nature." Additionally, he urged nations to participate in "a noble contest" to explore space and find solutions to economic and social problems. He also called for support for international organizations like the United Nations.[/sub]

[sub]On Christmas Day, John visited the Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital on adjacent Janiculum Hill for the first time since his sickness. There, he spoke to practically every child in person for 40 minutes as he made his way from ward to ward. He discussed his personal ailment with them. He declared: "You see, I am in fantastic shape, to the physicians and kids at Bambino Gesu. Oh, I'm not quite ready to compete in any races or other sporting events, but overall I feel good." However, there was still a perception in Rome that he was still in poor health, and John repeatedly mentioned the danger of his impending demise in recent weeks. In front of a gathering of cardinals just last week, he said, "Our humble life, like the life of everyone, is in the hands of God." |[/sub][/list]

[list]______[/list]

[list][list][pre]Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto,

Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in sæcula sæculorum. Amen.[/pre][/list][/list]

[list][spoiler=[sub]𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐄

𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐘[/sub]]

Abessinienreich

Adriatican Islands

Allbania

Al-Jammahirya Al-Arabiyya

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Andorra-

Arcanda

Batallon De Dignidad

Bhaarat Lok

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Holy Vatican City States

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Los Estados Unidos De Suramerica

Ma-Li

Mayel Lyang

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Monaco-

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Republica De Cuba-

Republican Irishmen

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Tallahan

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Amsterwald, Pontianus, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Monaco-, Andorra-, Tallahan, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

[list][pre]T H E S L O V E N E R E P U B L I C • S L O V E N S K A R E P U B L I K A[/pre][/list]

OVERLARGE AND OVERPROUD? THE SLOVENE REPUBLIC TWENTY YEARS AFTER THE CONSPIRACY FOR INDEPENDENCE

[list][sup]A COMPLICATED LEGACY

JANUARY 1963[/sup][/list]

Of all of the peoples of Europe, the Slovenes seemed to have sprung forth most unexpectedly in the shadow of the Second World War. From a single constituent ethnicity of a Serb-ruled monarcho-dictatorship in the 1930s to a nationstate spanning from the Adriatic to Czechoslovakia in 1945, Slovenia was a veritable ‘dark horse’—and an extraordinary historical oddity criticized by its neighbors as governing far too much of Europe.

January 1943 saw the Estado Novo commit to the Slovene separatist cause, marking an relatively inconsequential but nonetheless symbolic step in the recognition of the Committee for Slovene Independence and epitomizing the turn of the world against the Karadžordževiči of Royal Yugoslavia—as well as the bloody Titoist insurrection facing them. Headed by jurist and inaugural Slovene President Boris Furlan, the Committee had been instrumental in winning British and American support for an independent Slovene democracy to chip away at Yugoslavian hegemony among the South Slavs. It worked strikingly well—the Declaration by United Nations included ‘Independent Slovenia’ in defiance of the Axis-collaborationist Yugoslavian Kingdom. By 1963, twenty years later, Slovenia included virtually all of the lands historically inhabited by the Alpine Slavs. Trieste was Trst; Graz was Gradec. A Slovene-administered Czech Corridor of 1919 Parisian design had manifested in a land connection to Czechoslovakia marked by the aggressive Slovenification of Burgenland Croats. Much like the radical Polish expansion westward, Slovenia had seen a dramatic inflation of its territorial constitution as a key point of Western strategic positioning. It was everything Furlan had hoped for, and more.

Overlordship of such a large swath of Europe had not just provoked a tectonic toponymic transformation, but also years of grappling with the notion of pluralism in a nominal ethnostate. The rights of Italians were still being radically amended as recently as 1962, and virtually all higher-education in the Republic was Slovene-only. Considerable work was still needed to level the linguistic playing field in the country, an issue politicians have found difficult to convince a recently independent populace of. The Slovene-speaking population in the country had hovered around 90% in recent years against German, Italian and Hungarian speaking minorities. This number would only climb without serious government intervention on behalf of the embattled cultures on the Republic’s periphery. What minorities remained were traces of peoples largely expelled or otherwise forced out of the newfound country in 1945—not unlike the expulsions perpetrated throughout Eastern Europe at the same time—and though legal protections for them were now firmly established, a feeling of alienation prevalent among the groups had led to an uneasy state of affairs in the country.

Altogether, it was a complicated legacy to reckon with for a left-wing government that publicly embraced pluralism. Lands robbed and peoples displaced had created a Republic long awaited—but at what cost?

[list][spoiler=OOC]Just a recap of the canon for the last couple of decades. As stated since the beginning, Slovene population numbers have been slightly increased and broadened in this timeline (with a point of divergence in the Middle Ages), and—as posted thoroughly in the 1940s—Yugoslavia was spared invasion by the Axis powers for most of the war, with the Karageorgevichs choosing to collaborate instead and facing relentless insurgencies as a result.[/spoiler][/list]

Paramountica, Arcanda, Pontianus, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

Factbook and RMBs completed everyone!! :D

RMB post soon...

- https://www.nationstates.net/nation=abessinienreich/detail=factbook/id=main

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Nileya, Ma-Li

[pre]| JANUARY JANVIER 1963 |[/pre]

[list][list][list][pre]CAR ★ THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka KTB

République centrafricaine RCF |[/pre][/list][/list][/list]

Ranponian & Peking Zhongguo

DACKO’S LETTERS TO THE EAST:

LETTERS SENT TO YUGOSLAVIA AND CHINA DEEPENS DIVIDES IN CENTRAL AFRICAN POLITICS! - LETTRES DE DACKO À L’EST :

LES LETTRES ENVOYÉES À LA YOUGOSLAVIE ET ​​À LA CHINE AGISSENT LES DIVISIONS DANS LA POLITIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE!

[pre]| The foreign policy of a former colony was difficult for Dacko to deal with. He knew the need for continued strong relations with the former overlord France but also the need to no longer give the appearance of submission to European power. Dacko would take this chance in establishing a foreign policy by beginning to increase ties with the nations of the Eastern bloc mainly Yugoslavia and the People’s Republic of China. Dacko would begin with sending a series of letters inquiring about cheap military arms to arm a new Gendarmerie to protect his rule from potential coups from the Armed forces as his distant Cousin Bokassa seemed to start consolidating some political power in his role in the military. Economic ties would also be proposed for the Young Republic and the two others. |[/pre]

[pre]| Dacko would attempt to keep these letters covert from those in his government as he knew the opportunities this could give his opponents in lower positions to turn France against his government. Unbeknownst to Dacko, a lower government worker with secret ties to Jean-Bedel Bokassa. This worker would copy all letters from Dacko before sending them off and relay the information to the Colonel. Bokassa, an ardent Francophile, felt betrayed hearing the news of Dacko possibly opening up ties with states hostile to French interests. A nation he has fought for and sacrificed being betrayed by the Young Republic’s current administration. |[/pre]

[list][list][pre]UNITY, DIGNITY, WORK[/pre][/list][/list]

[list][list][pre]UNITÉ, DIGNITÉ, TRAVAIL[/pre][/list][/list]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

[list]Consolidation of the Revolution I

[sub]January, 1963[/sub]

[sub]It had been 6 months since the monuments 1962 Nigerian Revolution, which saw the mass overthrowing of the Nigerian Republican Government and the installation of the NRF and African Socialism in Nigeria. What followed was a period of consolidation, control and order in the nation. In only the first month, the NRF had established the Transitional Committee of the People, or the (TCOP), a group of 14 key figures in the NRF ranging from the democratic socialists to the Agarin Communists. Even Chairman Ijeawele knew he couldn't ignore the sharp ideological differences of his militants, but knew he needed to curb their influence in order to push his own personal vision of Nigeria. While the revolution was a success, he needed to deploy control and order across the country in order to fully implement his 10-year Overhaul. He created the People's Operatives, a large group of political, militant and social operatives who would look to secure NRF power across the nation. However, a strong middle-man army simply isn't enough for the revolution to have any effect.[/sub]

[sub]In the months forward from the revolution, over 3,000 people were arrested in a mass effort of suppression. While during this time, private property was banned, major industries were quickly nationalised and taken under temporary control of the United Union of Nigeria (UUN) - de-facto state-owned union and owner of major industries, private farms were taken under the arms of the Nigerian Farming Union (NFU) - who were under the strong leadership of one of Ijeawele's most loyal despicable, Temitope Sanusi, would look to move towards mass communes across the nation. In the 4 months following the revolution, the NRF had managed to dismantle its often hostile and militant control and move towards a system now under the tight control of both TCOP and the People’s Bureaucrats of the Revolution (PBR), both strengths by thousands of pen-clicking middle-men. Even if the original issues of control and the destruction of any direct opposition in the weeks following the collapse of the NNC, now to keep control, order and the "needs of the revolution intact".[/sub]

[sub]What followed was the second stage of the consolidation. While the order had been brought to Nigeria, the government now needed to push forward its highly ambitious plans, known as the 10-Year Plan. It looked to see a radical transformation on farming, education, and economic production. Its aims were to see mass communes in farming, a nationwide effort in establishing the "Socialist seed into the next generation" and the creation of the Nigerian Economic People's Committee, a sole body of pen-clicking middlemen who would look to enact all economic reforms. On November 19th, 1962, Chairman Ijeawele, citing these goals to be the second step forward to "ultimate salvation and destruction of the capitalist mind, soul and spirit", enacted the "People's Charter of Utopia". This was a de-facto constitution which looked to guarantee worker's rights and in the minds of TCOP, the real first step towards a change in Nigeria. Submitting control and order into Nigeria was the easy part, but enacting policies, keeping control and having policies make it down to the table were to be hard parts. In just a matter of months, Nigeria had been quickly transformed into a one-power bureaucratic state devoted to the personal goals of Chairman Ijeawele. The only question is - how far will the revolution go?[/sub]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Maziya, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

JANUARY,1963

"The Pen Is Mightier Than The Sword"

______________________________________________

| Hernan Siles Zuazo,would meet with former president,Victor Paz Estenssoro.The two men,were former acquaintances,as Zuazo was Estenssoro vice-president.Prior to the [URL=https://www.nationstates.net/page=rmb/postid=51176326]reunification[/URL] of Peru-Bolivia.He [I](Zuazo)[/I] watched as Odría [URL=https://www.nationstates.net/page=rmb/postid=51274068]centralised[/URL] government power to him,which made both Estenssoro and himself loose their seats in government,and also witnessed the [URL=https://www.nationstates.net/page=rmb/postid=51520556]coup[/URL] that saw Odría removed and Nicolas Lindley Lopéz assume the top seat in government. |

| Zuazo,has begun speculating that perhaps La Plata has something to do with Lopéz rise to power.Due to Lopéz pursuing closer relations with La Plata.But he has no evidence to back up his speculation. |

| Zuazo met with Estenssoro,in Estenssoro home in La Paz.To discuss with the former president,on helping him [I](Zuazo)[/I] somehow create a secession of Bolivia from Andes,which would shatter the confederation and return things back to their status quo,pre reunification.Or at least create enough of a impact that their legacy's will be cemented within the Bolivian community in Andes,whether it be in the form of an ideology modelled of their own ideologies or just leaving a mark in history that would resonate with Bolivians. |

| Zuazo,would talk about his ideas with Estenssoro.Who was listening very closely to Zuazo,and had a look of intrigue on his face.But once Zuazo had finished talking, Estenssoro would mention the time in [URL=https://www.nationstates.net/page=rmb/postid=52295889]1959[/URL],when Lopéz took the time to track him [I](Estenssoro)[/I] down,to make a proposition of:

[List][I]"Help him calm down the Bolivian people,who Zuazo have been riling up.In exchange,I (Estenssoro) would receive a position in government"[/I][/list]

Before Zuazo could say another word, Estenssoro spoke again:

[List][I]"While it's quite obvious I turned down his offer.I told him I desired no government power.In reality I wished not to betray my fellow Bolivian people,and if I aided in his government.I would be doing exactly that.While for a different reason,I choose to decline your offer of helping you lead a Bolivian uprising.Theres just more at stake in a Bolivian uprising then national pride for a nation buried,6-feet under."[/I][/list][list] |[/list]

| Zuazo got up and went for the door but when he grabbed the door knob he turned his head to look at Estenssoro,and simply said:

[List][I]"While I understand,that you believe that Bolivia isn't capable of being reborn.Its still not too late,the Andes confederation is still young and susceptible to collapse at any second.While I may not have the sword to destroy the confederation,I can use a pen to manufacture it's collapse.You know what those Englishmen say,Estenssoro.The pen is mightier than the sword."[/I][/list]

Then Zuazo open the door and left.To continue trying to gather support for his cause. |

______________________________________________

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Nileya, Ma-Li

[list][list]JANUARY 1963[/list]

[list][list]DEFENSORA DOS POVOS INDÍGENAS

[pre]DEFENDER OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE[/pre][/list][/list]

[pre] O R D E M E P R O G R E S S O [/pre]

PROTECTING THE AMAZON

[sub]RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil Toucan — AFTERNOON[/sub]

| In the ever-bustling city of Rio de Janeiro, at the beautiful Palace of the Orange Trees, Brazil’s President SARAH KUBITSCHEK organized a luncheon for the country’s richest, whose aim was to attract millions of dollars to increase the special fund for Indigenous peoples. At this presidential luncheon, there was everything from corrupt politicians to money-hungry businessmen, but her focus was on attracting women entrepreneurs. SARAH would also begin recruiting women for her new economic board. No one was interested in what the council would do, just how much the government would pay, and the salary was quite high. The new economic council comprises eight members and eight women have already expressed interest. |

| Around 2 p.m., the three interested in investing in the Indigenous fund met in a private room. There was only one businessman who owned four five-story buildings, another businessman who owned a cigar industry, and a corrupt politician, all offering just $500,000, making a total of $1,500,000. SARAH was unable to raise the $5,000,000 she wanted, forcing her to open the public coffers and withdraw $3,500,000. A day later, SARAH returned to Brasília and personally delivered the money raised to the Ministry of Agriculture responsible for the Indian Protection Service. The money will be used to finance food, medicine and pay teachers and doctors who work in Indigenous villages. Since the reform of the Indian Protection Service carried out by the federal government in January 1962, the number of illegal miners on Indigenous lands has significantly reduced and all weapons belonging to Indigenous peoples have been collected by the Indigenous police. Having a meeting with three generals and one minister, SARAH had to send Vice President JOÃO GOULART to the State of Amazonia in her place. GOULART is not very popular among the Indigenous people, but he will do everything to make the trip a success. Since returning to the vice presidency, GOULART has not traveled much, he has just stayed in Brasília working and meeting with union leaders. SARAH has been more alert with her V.P., but sooner or later she won’t be able to control him anymore. |

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Maziya, Nileya, Allbania, Ma-Li

[pre]| JANUARY JANVIER 1963 |[/pre]

[list][list][list][pre]CAR ★ THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka KTB

République centrafricaine RCF |[/pre][/list][/list][/list]

BOKASSA’S MILITARY - A HIDDEN FOUNDING FATHER:

A IDEALIST COLONEL BOKASSA FORMS SECRET ALLIANCES UNDER THE NOSE OF DACKO!

LES MILITAIRES DE BOKASSA - UN PÈRE FONDATEUR CACHÉ :

UN COLONEL IDÉALISTE BOKASSA FORME DES ALLIANCES SECRÈTES SOUS LE NEZ DE DACKO!

[pre]| A former soldier of France, Bokassa now leads a major faction of the Central African Armed Forces. Bokassa fought bravely for the French even after losing both of his parents to French imperialism, Bokassa found a home in the Armed Forces of Colonial France. At the Outbreak of the Second World War Bokassa was enlisted by the Free French Forces into an African unit and fought against Vichy forces on the African Continent. He fought on the ground from Brazzaville to Provence to Germany. After WW2 Bokassa stayed enlisted in the French Army and entered Officer training where he would later find himself serving as a communications expert of the battalion of Saigon-Cholon. After seeing combat in French Indochina he returned to Fréjus and would teach communications to African recruits. Last year Bokassa left service for the French Armed Forces and returned to his homeland of Ubangi-Shari and joined as a Battalion Commandant under Commander-in-Chief Mgboundoulou and immediately began to work his way up Military Politics. |[/pre]

[pre]| Family Times made Bokassa’s rise in the military invitable. A cousin of Dacko and a Nephew to Boganda enforced Bokassa’s seat at the table alongside his skills earned from decades in the French Military and got him the task of creating the Central African Armed Forces. This year Bokassa became Commander-In-Chief of the 500 man Army putting Mgboundoulou on the backseat of military politics. |[/pre]

[pre]| Unbeknownst to the politicians and to most Higher ranking individuals of the Central African Armed Forces, Bokassa would be establishing groups of the enlisted men he trusted to carry out any orders he would give. Bokassa Loyalists now made up a large percentage of the Central African Armed Forces. He would continue to play dumb to Dacko and ensure Dacko only saw him as a medal earner and not a political rival, all while building his own force within the armed forces and emphasizing their training over non-loyalist units. |[/pre]

[list][list][pre]UNITY, DIGNITY, WORK[/pre][/list][/list]

[list][list][pre]UNITÉ, DIGNITÉ, TRAVAIL[/pre][/list][/list]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Maziya, Nileya, Allbania, Ma-Li, Ghash

28th of January 1963

Marrakeshi International Newspaper

After a long period of silence, King Mohammed V has announced how the government has been reformed, prior to the first Parliamentary meeting in the countries new long peace.

| King Mohammed V announced this morning that a parliamentary system has been installed. it contains, for right now, 30 individuals who were in support of the Militarist faction in the civil war, 40 in support of the Monarchists, and 10 in support of the Communists. The first parliamentary meeting was held to decide who would be the first prime minister of the Kingdom of Morocco, with the decision ultimately being to give one Ahmed Balafrej, of the Istiqlal party, the position of Prime Minister. |

| Other discussions in this meeting included how the economy would be run in the future, with the decision being to discuss it more in depth at a future date, but for now it would be left unanswered how it will be reformed. The military stated their staunch opposition to the Communists administering lands in Morocco, and have stated their opposition to the long peace. The Monarchists eased these concerns by stating that, "Yes, peace is something that could make Morocco seem weak internationally, or perhaps it will stop it from liberating its brothers, and expanding into other territories. But let us not forget the turmoil we have plunged ourselves in, as we could not resolve simple disputes like gentlemen, having to resort to throwing a tantrum and destroying our great nation. So it is, that although this peace limits us, it is the natural consequence of being unprofessional in our own politics." As for the opposition towards Communist administration, that was not commented on and likely won't be, as the Communist party has seen a stagnation, but it did win the prior election in Morocco. |

| Another large issue was the issue of international relations. Morocco considers its best allies to be that of Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Turkey, and Sudan. The parliament stated its hope to expand relations outwards, rebuild ties with the USA, and to hopefully bring Morocco higher on the world stage. An idea was brought up to potentially join NATO in the future, but this is merely a proposal, something like it could happen as seen with Riff, but only time can truly tell. Speaking of, the issue of Riff and West Sahara was brought up, to which many stated that war is necessary to deal with them, or that a peaceful unification would be best. Many also stated that the continued independence of these nations would be good, as they are also Arabs just like Morocco, and Morocco should not be held to a higher standard just because it has been a nation for longer than they have. Nonetheless an opinion piece was created by a Militirist politician in support of peaceful unification. "My brothers and sisters of Morocco, for too long the Arab people have been disunified. A union between our people is not a want, but a need for the sake of the whole Arab world, along with Africa and the Middle East. Our history is long and sharp, and a union is a necessary thing for all of us, but this cannot come in the form of war. Killing our own people is not going to get us closer to unity, it will stray us from the path, and merely see us being damaged further, maybe even worse than from the effects of our old colonial overlords. Not to mention, with American and Malian recognition, an invasion of Western Sahara will not end well for Morocco, and an invasion of Riff will end only in NATO intervention, and further Moroccan decline. So I propose to this group of gentlemen and intellectuals, unity through peace and diplomacy." Many Moroccans have found themselves perplexed by the issue, and debating amongst themselves about the words of that militarist politician, and the opinions of many other educated individuals. |

| The final important issue brought to the parliament was that of the reconstruction of infrastructure. during the war there was damages to much infrastructure, and further development of Morocco to bring it to the standards of NATO, demands that the government start funding a program of rebuilding Moroccan infrastructure, along with building new infrastructure. The ideas for the infrastructure will be settled by the new government, for now the government is allocating 1 million Dirham monthly to building up infrastructure in the country. |

| God, Fatherland, the King. |

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Maziya, Nileya, Allbania, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

A Peaceful Transition and New Beginnings

On the 15 of January 1963, thousands of Colombians had gathered in and around the National Capitol building to see the inauguration of a new President. For two and a half decades, Colombians had seen only a single man walk up the steps of the Southern Entrance to take the oath of office. But today, it would be different. Today, a different man with a different creed would walk up those ancient steps, place his hand upon God's Bible and swear the oath that would formalize his election as the President of the Bolivarian Republic.

Rafael Caldera wasn't of the nervous sort. He had been in front of crowds throughout his entire life and had made speeches both as a valedictorian in his youth and as a professor. He had spoken before university students, fellow compatriots when he led the UNE, and later on he would go on to address massive crowds as Governor and leader of his party, COPEI. Even then, he had little charisma. His speeches were often dry and academic, filled with phrases and words that most of the lower classes wouldn't understand. But, as Governor he garnered support through his actions and the backing of much well-versed cabinet members who were able to make up for what he lacked.

Even when Caldera was not as charismatic as his predecessor, many people had come out to vote for him and his party. COPEI and Caldera promised the sort of change that drew Christians from across the political spectrum and steered away from the radicalism of emergent political groups. The association between communism and atheism also proved a valuable tool in smearing MIR and even the more radical elements of the LRM and the Liberal Party. And now, all sorts of Colombians had come out to see the inauguration of their new President. Many had come from remote regions of the country, including the dependencies to see Caldera in person.

Stepping up to the stage set up just up the steps of the Southern Entrance, Caldera approached the President of the Supreme Court of Justice who would be in charge of administering the oath. His wife and soon-to-be First Lady, Alicia Caldera held the Bible upon which he would swear the oath. The Bible she held was an old one, dating back nearly two decades when he was a teenager. It had been there during his Catholic Confirmation and since then had accompanied him throughout most of his life. And now, that old Bible would see him become President and accompany him across the next four years.

As the crowd grew silent, the chief justice began to administer the oath. "Please, raise your right hand." For the first time in two decades, a chief justice was administering the oath to someone who wasn't Rómulo Betancourt. It felt strange, even for Caldera who had been looking forward to this moment since the moment he began to campaign. The first step toward a peaceful transition of power. The first of many, Caldera hoped.

"Do you swear before God and the Fatherland to uphold the Constitution, to defend the laws and edicts of the Bolivarian Republic and to faithfully carry out the duties of the Presidency?" The oath was but a mere sentence, but carried enough weight to make even the strongest willed candidates think twice before unfaithfully serving as President. Or at least, that was the idea.

Without hesitation, Caldera responded. "I do."

"If you do, may God help you and if you do not, then may He and the Republic call you to account."

In that instant, the large crowd burst into cheers and applause. The microphones on the cameras peaked with the noise as they panned down at the sea of people who had gathered to see Caldera be inaugurated. Caldera himself had turned to face them, waving his hand as supporters and opponents alike cheered him on. Even those citizens who disagreed with him could see the value in such an event. There was no question Caldera had been elected fairly and despite the insurgency, many Colombians had come to trust in the nation's democratic processes.

Sitting behind the stage along with several other politicians and members of the Supreme Court of Justice was now former President Rómulo Betancourt, wearing the badges of office. Dressed in a tailcoat, Betancourt wore the badge and livery collar of the Order of the Liberator and the Presidential Sash. Standing up, Betancourt walked over to Caldera and removed the sash first.

"God watch over you." Betancourt said as he helped Caldera put the sash over his right shoulder. Next, he handed the badge and livery collar utilized by the President as chief of that most distinguished chivalric order. There was a brief silence as the symbols of office were handed over. Then, the crowd burst into cheers once more as the two men smiled and shook hands. For the first time in over half a century, a peaceful transition of power had occurred. It was a historic moment, one that would be forever immortalized by the press who was quick to snap pictures of the two Presidents shaking hands.

A few hours after the ceremony and the subsequent party, Caldera had a moment to himself in the president's office. Inside the Casa de Nariño, Caldera gradually began to feel the weight on his shoulders. Earlier during the party, Betancourt had set him aside and congratulated him on his victory. He then went on to describe the presidency as the "greatest burden and the greatest blessing God has bestowed upon me." And now, Caldera was beginning to feel it. Merely walking inside this office, which had been occupied by both democratically-elected Presidents and dictators. There was history here. History that Caldera would have a hand in creating.

As midnight arrived, Caldera sat down behind his desk and opened a leather folder marked by the coat of arms of the Republic. Inside was a briefing detailing everything he would need to know. It was an outline of the present situation, and nothing Caldera read looked remotely good. It was time to get to work

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Maziya, Nileya, Allbania, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

[list][list][list][pre]RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE

FRENCH BUREAUCRACY

PALAIS DES TUILERIES[/pre][/list]

______

THE TUILERIES PALACE: FRANCE MAKES STRIDES TOWARDS PROTECTING COMMON MARKET INTEREST

[sub]VTH REPUBLIC | PARIS, JANUARY 1963[/sub][/list]

[sub]| SEAT OF ABSOLUTISME, PALAIS DES TUILERIES - | The numerous American businesses opening up shop in the Common Market are seen as a distinctly mixed blessing by Europe. The increase in foreign investment is welcomed by Europeans, but they detest the accompanying businesses that have the financial wherewithal to compete aggressively with European sectors, profits that ultimately go to the United States, and foreign policy dominance. Most Europeans are all too aware that if a recession occurred, the large American corporations would be able to survive the smaller local industries. In France where De Gaulle is at the helm, his government currently leads a new wave of common market protectionism, and is sporting its chip on the shoulder with a stubborn tilt.[/sub]

[sub]Last week, no sooner had the Chrysler Corporation announced that it had plans to acquire control of Simca, France's third largest automaker after state-owned Renault, and privately owned Citroen, than France's Ministry of Finance issued a chilling communiqué. According to the government, Chrysler's move was "an intervention in a particularly important branch of European industry in which participation from the outside is already considerable." It was also considered as "a new example of the problems posed by foreign investment." Luckily the French Finance Ministry was able to jump in quickly and halt the business deal on behalf of the French automotive market and broader European automotive market. The French press was equally critical of Libby, McNeill & Libby, who intended to build a $65 million canning operation in the Languedoc, a region known for its wine production. The Bas-Rhone-Languedoc Regional Development Authority and Libby are forming a cooperative relationship, and Libby intends to market locally grown fruits and vegetables, but the French believe that Libby will eventually begin to import American products instead.[/sub]

[sub]Chrysler was prevented from seizing control of the fifth-largest automobile manufacturer in the common market, which has two extremely productive facilities, a network of 3,500 dealers in France alone, and as its boss Europe's most authoritarian auto magnate. Henri Théodore Pigozzi, an Italian-born 64-year-old who will not permit national unions among his 29,000 employees, has increased Simca manufacturing from 80,000 to 350,000 vehicles in ten years. Pigozzi will remain in charge, much to the delight of the current ruling French administration. The French Finance Ministry is willing to help solve Simca's one major failing point which is a lack of funds for new-model development. Simca has introduced only four basically new models in twelve years, but despite its handicap it has become France's second largest auto exporter and has cut heavily into the sales of Renault's Dauphine with its most recent model, the rear-engined Mille. With government program funding, Simca may blossom with such an array of handsome new models that it may eventually come to challenge state-owned Renault for first place in the French auto industry.[/sub]

[sub]In Baden-Baden this week, French Finance Minister Giscard d'Estaing will make an attempt to persuade his fellow European Common Market finance ministers that the common market should restrict direct foreign investments to a predetermined percentage of each area of common market industry which should be decided by studies. He stated that "it is undesirable for crucial areas of the common market's economy to be determined by events outside of its borders." He made it obvious that France will not tolerate it and that it wants to surround Europe with an economic wall of sorts as well as some protectionist barbed wire to deter would-be climbers. As all of this unfolds before the lenses of the French press, Charles De Gaulle last week secretly communicated to Washington that Paris would accept a limited number of the Polaris missiles being offered by the United States to France and Britain which is a unseen shift in attitude towards policy. |[/sub]

[list]______[/list]

[list][list][pre]VIVE LA RÉPUBLIQUE!

VIVE LA FRANCE!

VIVE L’EMPIRE![/pre][/list][/list]

[list][spoiler=[sub]𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐌

𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐘[/sub]]

Abessinienreich

Adriatican Islands

Allbania

Al-Jammahirya Al-Arabiyya

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Andorra-

Arcanda

Batallon De Dignidad

Bhaarat Lok

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Holy Vatican City States

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Los Estados Unidos De Suramerica

Ma-Li

Mayel Lyang

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Monaco-

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Republica De Cuba-

Republican Irishmen

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Tallahan

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Holy Vatican City States, Batallon De Dignidad, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Monaco-, Andorra-, Tallahan, Maziya, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

[list]FEBUARY, 1963

[sub]Radical or Reform[/sub][/list]

[sub]Pt 1. - Will of the People[/sub]

PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE OF TRUTH - 08:30

[sub]LAGOS, Ngiera[/sub]

[pre]1st February - People's Order of Truth (POT) - Lagos Committee[/pre]

| It has been a rocky month for Chairman Ijeawele and his loyalists in the TCOP, with the recent passing of the Nigerian Cultural Protection Act, it became a political battle between loyalists and moderates, ideologues and pragmatists. One of the political heavyweights in Nigeria since the revolution last year was the now-Mayor of Lagos and devout ideologue, Yakubu Gowon, who had been selected by Ijeawele to be a member of the Transitional Committee Of The People. The creation of the People's Order of Truth politically empowered loyalists in a key government body, which issued power over the "cultural assimilation of division and capitalism". Inside one of the main offices were CHAIRMAN IJEAWELE and MAYOR GOWON discussing the political future of Nigeria. |

[list]| CHAIRMAN IJEAWELE | "You believe that the Lagos Elite will give in, Yakubu?".

| MAYOR GOWON | "Eventually, Chairman. They may hold the social power, but as soon as POT begins operations, they will be ousted. As soon as that occurs, we can set up powerful bureaucratic bodies to politically dominate and control Lagos."

| CHAIRMAN IJEAWELE | "And I assume you would want ideologues, radicals and revolutionaries to head these bodies?"

| MAYOR GOWON | "Yes, Chairman. If we want to prevent the moderates from gaining any sort of foothold in POT or TCOP, we need to prevent them from entering regional bodies. I would suggest we begin operations in Lagos in the next week, Chairman"

| CHAIRMAN IJEAWELE | "As I do. And about the NRF? Do you see any possible graduates to lead this Lagos Body? If we truly want total power, destroying the militant monopoly within the NRF is the best place to go forward".

| MAYOR GOWON | "No one comes to mind. I'd assume there were a few generals and fanatics who could do a job as regional bureaucrats, but nothing more. How's Sanusi doing with the farms?"

| CHAIRMAN IJEAWELE | "Good enough. Most of the direct opposition have already been taken care of, just the matter of installing the communes. Have you found any more prospects to lead the PBR? Can't be having any moderates in those key positions".

| MAYOR GOWON | "Only one comes to mind. Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, currently a key ideological ally within the NRF, an intellect and a future political juggernaut. Someone who you could trust, Chairman".

| CHAIRMAN IJEAWELE | "Someone you can trust, eh. Anyway.. How is Lagos' economy performing? We can all dream of an agrarian utopia, but, Lagos is a key industrial site, Gowon".

| MAYOR GOWON | "It's slowly coming together. Just dismantling the old and bringing in the new. It's not easy, but it will soon all come together".

| CHAIRMAN IJEAWELE | "Sounds good. Have you discussed industrial policy with Emmanuel yet? We need to get some plan down before the summer."

| MAYOR GOWNON | "I have not, Chairman. I'd recommend we discuss a full-blown, long-term economic plan with the whole committee-"

| CHAIRMAN IJEAWELE | "Fu*k the committee. Those moderate wets should have no say in the future of this nation any longer. Gather all of our key allies for an emergency meeting in the next few weeks. We need a plan before they get a plan".

| MAYOR GOWON | "Surely sideling them will give them even more of a reason to end your rule, Chairman".

| CHAIRMAN IJEAWELE | "We need a plan by the end of the month. Get the economic committee and arrange another meeting. You're dismissed, Gowon."[/list]

| As the door slammed shut, the Chairman received another knock a few seconds later. One of his political aides came in, handing him a copy of one of the proposed rural reform plans from a deputy at the farming union. Shuffling it over, Ijeawele gave it a quick read. Not even a year in, and he already felt bored. Things were not quick enough. His ideas of a cultural revolution had been damped and squeezed. His allies were not good enough, quick enough, effective enough. His political enemies growing stronger and stronger. His goal of a strong and effective bureaucracy had quickly faded into a mass mould of pen-clicking middlemen forcing through half-baked policy from ineffective government leaders. If this was what the revolution was for, what is even worth it? |

____________

[sub]Reform or Revolution: A Series set to cover the political rivalries, backstabbing and drama within Nigeria as the fire and fury of the revolution calls down into the bloody game of domestic politics. As the Reformists aim to oust the fanatic ideologue and self-described cultural communist, Chairman Ijeawele, from power, his loyalists now look to depose reformists and spark a cultural revolution that will shock the nation and hope to bring a new generation of socialism to Nigeria.[/sub]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

[list][list][list][pre]STATUS CIVITATIS VATICANAE

VATICAN CITY STATE

THE HOLY SEE[/pre][/list]

______

SECRETARY OF STATE OF HIS HOLINESS: HEALTH OF POPE JOHN XXIII DECLINES AS VATICAN II PUSHES FORWARD

[sub]VATICAN CITY | ROME, FEBRUARY MCMLXIII[/sub][/list]

[sub]| SECRETARIUS STATUS SANCTITATIS SUAE - | Pope John XXIII is still struggling with his disease on a daily basis, and sooner or later, his modest existence may come to an end. When that happens, the world won't be able to ignore or forget the powers that Pope John has unleashed. He convened a council, and its significance is already apparent. It broke the Protestant perception of the Catholic Church as a monolithic and absolutist structure by demonstrating in Catholicism the deep-seated presence of a new spirit pleading for renewal and rebirth. It also signaled the Catholic Church's first implicit admission that people who had previously left may have done so for a valid reason. When they witnessed those wise individuals expressing those thoughtful things, even the most agnostic and atheistic individuals rejoiced.[/sub]

[sub]The first council to be summoned without a mandate to condemn heresy, establish new doctrine, or mobilize the church against invading forces was Vatican II. Pope John welcomed "holy liberty" in the expression of the bishops' opinions as they gathered in Rome for discussion. For the first time in their lives, the bishops came together and learned that Rome, not themselves, is where the true leadership of the Universal Church lies. Previously, they had believed that it was they who afforded power to Rome by remaining loyal and sticking to the official church dogma. They have now come to realize that Rome is indeed the supreme source of power and authority in the Catholic world. Rome and the Supreme Pontiff have spoken. For centuries the Catholic Church often exaggerated its differences with Protestantism in its haste to defend the doctrines that were attacked by the Reformation four centuries ago and had grown increasingly dogmatic even about issues that were open for debate prior to the Reformation, such as the place of Mary in the church, the significance of the sacraments, and the infallibility of the Pope. In terms of numbers, clout, and respect, the Catholic Church was likely in its most powerful state ever when it entered the Atomic Age. However, it was still much too frequently engaged in the same conflicts with Protestantism and "modernism."[/sub]

[sub]The individuals who are most to blame for this unfavorable attitude are members of the Roman Curia, the Catholic Church's central governing body. Most of them are elderly Italians who are mostly cut off from modern life, but they wield enormous power over both the Pope and the entire world's church. Typically, they have been content with the church as it is and have viewed any attempts to reform it with intense animosity. This top-heavy, cumbersome, and extremely orthodox body is in charge of all the seminaries that train future priests, all church missions, and all ecclesiastical and liturgical law. The Curia routinely intimidates or silences Catholic intellectuals, even going so far as to threaten them, through the Holy Office, which is led by conservative Alfredo Cardinal Ottaviani prohibiting them from both publishing their works and from announcing that they have in fact been prohibited. "Roma locuta est; causa finita est" which means Rome has spoken; the subject is decided, according to the Curia's standard proclamation when resolving Catholic disputes around the world.[/sub]

[sub]It is now obvious that the issue is far from resolved. Catholic scholars are actively engaged in new Biblical studies that are providing them with fresh perspectives on the nature and format of revelation and bringing them into intellectual collaboration with Protestant scholars, sometimes despite the objections of the Holy Office. Was the Bethlehem star actually real? Did the East really produce smart men? Some academics are willing to cast doubt on these cherished notions in their desire to delve into the positive depths of meaning in the Scriptures using the methods of contemporary critical study. Particularly in Europe, a new generation of Catholic thinkers has been discovering novel theological perspectives and, in the instance of the late paleontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and others, novel scientific interpretations. The fact that Pope John XXIII saw the need for internal church renovation and paved the ground for it shows his brilliance. The Vatican Council's success in starting at all was a noteworthy achievement. It was evidently not what the Curia wanted. The Pope was reportedly warned by a Curia member that "we can't possibly get a council ready by 1963." John agreed, "We'll have it in 1962 then."[/sub]

[sub]The preparatory commissions were staffed with Curia men when the cardinals of the Curia finally realized that John really intended to hold a council. They also decided that the council would be conducted entirely in Latin without simultaneous translation, effectively cutting off many Latin-phobic bishops from the proceedings. They followed their own theologically conservative inclinations when crafting the 69 proposals for the council's consideration which was later reduced to 20. The Pope let the Curia have its way. They gradually gained confidence as they realized that everyone was watching them. A U.S. bishop remarked, "We heard men dare to say things we'd privately been thinking for a long time ourselves." The conservative Ernesto Cardinal Rufini, according to Britain's Archbishop T. D. Roberts, "stood up in St. Peter's and said that Christ's bride, the Church, is already without spot or wrinkle." This statement was followed by a roar of applauds from the Roman Curia. |[/sub][/list]

[list]______[/list]

[list][list][pre]Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto,

Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in sæcula sæculorum. Amen.[/pre][/list][/list]

[list][spoiler=[sub]𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐄

𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐘[/sub]]

Abessinienreich

Adriatican Islands

Allbania

Al-Jammahirya Al-Arabiyya

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Andorra-

Arcanda

Batallon De Dignidad

Bhaarat Lok

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Holy Vatican City States

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Los Estados Unidos De Suramerica

Ma-Li

Mayel Lyang

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Monaco-

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Republica De Cuba-

Republican Irishmen

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Tallahan

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Monaco-, Andorra-, Tallahan, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

[list]15. – 21. Januar 1963

[sub]VI. Party Congress of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany[/sub][/list]

[list][pre]D E R⠀ S O Z I A L I S M U S⠀ S I E G T[/pre][/list]

WERNER-SEELENBINDER-HALLE

[sub]BERLIN, East Germany Ddr

https://youtu.be/-KMgpxOEjxo?si=X1Aryy0Xx6uVN8rh[/sub]

[sub]| "Comprehensive construction of Socialism." This was the party-line of the VI. Congress in January, 1963. But what flavor of Socialism? And what was still left to build after the V. Party Congress in 1958 declared Socialism victorious? Despite the apparatchiks' best efforts and over a decade of socialist construction, the East German workers' and peasants' state was still struggling. The erection of the Berlin wall tempered the GDR's descent into economic catastrophe by halting the flight of East German labour, but it could only buy time and was thus a partial solution. |[/sub]

[sub]| Fixing the economy for good became the object of several working groups established by Walter Ulbricht in 1962, the outcome of which was a "New Economic System of Planning and Management" (DE: Neue Ökonomische System der Planung und Leitung, NÖS/NÖSPL). Its chief architects were Walter Ulbricht himself, Chairman of the State Planning Commission Erich Apel, Central Committee Secretary for Economic Matters Günter Mittag, former head of the Central Committee department for planning and finances Wolfgang Berger, Director of the research institute of the State Planning Commission Helmut Koziolek, and the Professor of Political Economy Herbert Wolf. The VI. Party Congress sang their praises and cemented their proposals in the "Programme for Socialism." |[/sub]

[sub]| The NÖSPL promised several critical reforms to the GDR's system of economic planning: factory managers will be given more autonomy within less rigid five-year plans; prices will become more flexible and market based; economic success will be measured by profit and not only by fulfillment of the plan; material incentives will be introduced to encourage higher worker productivity; worker participation in management will be allowed via production committees; private and partially state-owned companies will be given more freedom. Additionally, the new programme adopted at the VI. Party Congress explicitly mentioned the attainment of automation as a goal of socialist construction. The promotion of cybernetics was also included in the programme's language. What the NÖSPL communicated, at least on paper was that the hour of the ideologues was passing. Now, technocrats and industry experts would have a greater say in economic decision making. |[/sub]

[sub]| On first impression, it seemed that Walter Ulbricht had re-learnt the bitter lessons of the October Revolution. In 1922, when it became clear that the world revolution was delayed, the great Vladimir Lenin proposed the "New Economic Policy." A limited market economy was deemed necessary to build up Russia's productive forces. Too little too late, Lenin lost his mind and died before the Soviet Republic he created was able to realize an economic system of state-controlled capitalism with socialist consciousness. In this respect, Ulbricht's NÖSPL was a return to orthodoxy. The SED conservatives, increasingly organized into a coherent bloc, saw things differently. Opposition to Ulbricht began to mount, but as long as he had the backing of Nikita Khrushchev, nothing could be done. So, the reforms were begrudgingly accepted. |[/sub]

https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1928235

https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1928298

https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1928302

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Cheezaslovakia, Tallahan, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

[spoiler=PLAY ME FOR AMBIENCE: Pátria ditosa - Maria Pereira]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nLjRrlJDxw[/spoiler]

[list][sup]23rd of March 1962[/list][/sup]

[pre]𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐌𝐀𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐋𝐀: 𝐀𝐂𝐓 𝟎𝟏[/pre][sup][pre] | PORTUGUESE ANGOLA[/pre][/sup]

[sup]Standing on top of the São João prison, a young man, Cisco González, stands near the edge of the top prison wall, overlooking the city of Luanda. His camera man, Paz Cocci, a recent graduate of filming school, preparing his camera for the report. For both of these guys, this is their first ever field job. Their big break even, if all went well, of course. The station, Televisión Pública, had sent the two to document the ongoing crisis in Angola, as the previous Santa Maria hijacking and current political crisis in Lisbon threw Portugal into the international spotlight. But the two weren't alone, the provincial government of Angola had assigned an escort to guide the two around and, of course, provide the state narrative to the outside world. Little did Cisco and Paz know that their escort was actually PIDE agent Dado Alves. Who's real job was to make sure these two did not report anything contrary to the Portuguese narrative about the crisis. Cocci would make some final adjustments before finally signalling to Cisco that he was ready to begin rolling the tape.[/sup]

[list][list][pre]Cisco González:[/pre][/list]

[pre]This is your reporter Cisco González with Televisión Pública to give you special first-hand coverage on the ongoing insurgency in Angola. Luanda, the capital of Angola, Portugal's largest overseas territory, is a handsome city which has no rivals in tropical Africa. Because the Portuguese in Africa have their roots in Angola. A bustling business quarter and docks, an old-fashioned and curiously designed Governor-General's palace and government offices, a castle built in 1638 and still dominating the city, São João, an old fortress, now a common prison. However, the jewel of the tropics would bear witness, to the opening of an insurgency. On the 14th of February 1961, after the Santa Maria hostage crisis; the grim walls of São João were fired upon in a swift surprise attack under the cover of darkness. A group of Africans armed with machetes and shotguns attacked the prison. A handful of prison guards drove the attackers back to the opulent Miramar residential district. There the richest of the descendants of the early Portuguese colonizers, civil servants, and products of recent immigration took cover in their homes clutching pistols and sporting rifles. Hoping the fighting would not intrude on their properties. During a long and confusing night, the Africans regrouped and struck at the police headquarters. It was there that the first blood was shed. Eight policemen and 36 of the attackers were killed and 63 other Europeans and Africans wounded. Many more were to die the next day, when, at a series of funeral processions, some white nationals who demanded reprisals went on the rampage. But further violence would be avoided when Police put a halt to any further attempts to engage in violence. Overall, the 14th of February would prove to be only a taste of the storm to come to the sleepy colony of Angola. Next to me is our guide, Dado Alves, tell us Alves; what is the current situation north of the province since 1961.[/pre][/list]

[list][list][pre]Dado Alves:[/pre][/list]

[pre]Lo siento, señor, for interrupting, but Angola is not a colony, it is an Overseas Province of the Portuguese Republic. The use of the word 'colony' is simply an incorrect term and cannot be applied to us. As for the situation in the north, this whole crisis was without a doubt perpetrated by a terrorist group that egregiously calls itself the Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola; or FNLA for short. These uhh terrorists, came from the Zaire border on the 15th of March, several hundreds, which are suspected to be backed by the Kinshasa government. They crossed the border armed with machetes, cutlasses, and even homemade rifles; launching attacks on isolated settlements and deep into the coffee-rich Carmona province. In a few days these thugs murdered some 300 whites and as many African workers of the plantations were killed. Mind you, some would suffer worse fates such as mutilation, hanging, and most tragically for the women r*pe. Truly a band of savages without a conscious or morals, those FNLA's.[/pre][/list]

[list][list][pre]Cisco González:[/pre][/list]

[pre]You heard it here, terror and murder by the supposed Angolan freedom fighters. Tell me, senhor, what was the government response to the FNLA onslaught?[/pre][/list]

[list][list][pre]Dado Alves:[/pre][/list]

[pre]It must be said that the situation caught us flat-footed, Carmona province did not host any military personnel or installations. The total military presence in the Regional Military Command of Angola had about 3,000 troops at its disposal. The African overseas provinces, unlike the rest of Africa, were peaceful, thus no need for a large military force. However, what was available was immediately put into action, and the Portuguese army successfully defended the provincial capital of Carmona from FNLA incursions. The professionalism of the Portuguese soldier proved far too much for the FNLA terrorists. Even better when the reaction of Lisbon was swift and his Excellency, Prime Minister Salazar, ordered for forces to be sent to Angola. If you noticed on your ride to São João, the streets are full of soldiers and the ports are working non-stop to deploy additional manpower and supplies in our operations against the terrorists. Unfortunately, the FNLA still persists in the deepest African bush, launching terror attacks when they can. By the end of 1961, 2,000 Portuguese and an estimated 50,000 Africans had been killed by the FNLA. But now we have those dogs on the run, and we shall not stop until the last terrorist is put to the sword for these horrid crimes.[/pre][/list]

[list][list][pre]Cisco González:[/pre][/list]

[pre]Then can it be said that the insurgency is nearing its end?[/pre][/list]

[list][list][pre]Dado Alves:[/pre][/list]

[pre]No, for the FNLA still hold one city hostage, that city being Maquela do Zombo. A city not far from the Zaire border that was taken over by the terrorists on the 13th of April. At the time, due to logistics and FNLA incursions on provincial capital of Camona, we could not rescue the city earlier. But the army with the air force have opened the way towards Maquela, and are currently in the stages of liberating it. You and I shall be flying to Camona and from there we shall link with the Portuguese army to document the liberation of the city.[/pre][/list]

[list][list][pre]Cisco González:[/pre][/list]

[pre]Fantastic senhor, we and our watchers in Argentina wait with abated breath. This Cisco González with Televisión Pública de Argentina signing off until our next broadcast, chau~.[/pre][/list]

[list][list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

[list]February 1963

[sub]Federal Intelligence Service[/sub][/list]

[pre]E I N I G K E I T U N D R E C H T U N D F R E I H E I T[/pre]

NEW SPECIAL BRANCH

[sub]BONN, THE FEDERAL CAPITAL, New Provenance - AFTERNOON[/sub]

| While largely intermittent, reports of intelligence incursions into Germany regularly took over the agendas of the confidential intelligence meetings convened by the Chancellor and his close ring of advisors on national security and counter-intelligence matters. The Federal Republic stood at the very forefront of the Iron Curtain, serving as probably the most sensitive border state facing the Eastern Bloc. As a direct result, intelligence activities executed by both the Eastern Bloc and by NATO find themselves centered around Germany and, more particularly, the divided city of Berlin. |

| Chancellor Willy Brandt and his Social Democratic Party (SPD) were more moderate on the issue of conducting counter-intelligence operations and foreign ops as well. Previous CDU-led governments were more ambitious, with a majority of expansions to the country's intelligence services coming under the tenure of Konrad Adenauer, who now served as the ceremonial Federal President. No party had explicitly adopted a platform on the intelligence issue considering the sensitivity and reclusivity of the intelligence services, but it was well known that Brandt was in favor of a more conciliatory foreign policy compared to his predecessors, so his position on conducting intelligence operations in Eastern Bloc countries is implied. |

| However, the SPD's government remains a coalition with the Free Democrats of Erich Mende, who held a commonality with the CDU on the issue of intelligence. While Mende's party largely focused on economic issues and as a result had prospered in the 1961 elections, where their party gained by 3 percentage points as a result of economic stagnation in recent years, the FDP remained in favor of strengthening intelligence operations in order to protect German economic and business interests at home and abroad. |

| The FDP was the kingmaker in the Bundestag, where both the CDU and the SPD fell short of being able to form their own majorities - a common sight in German politics. Naturally, the SPD had to make concessions, and in December of 1963, in the wake of a series of hearings on the weaknesses of the German intelligence services, Chancellor Brandt conceded to allow the SPD to conduct negotiations on the issue of expanding intelligence services for the purposes of guaranteeing German interests in light of a "rapidly changing world". |

| Brandt was lukewarm on the issue, and that would be to put it lightly. He was a champion of the so-called "Ostpolitik" foreign policy, which he himself had devised during his time at one of Germany's biggest newspapers, which directed for a more conciliatory approach to dealing with the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. There was nothing as far as recognition of the existence of the German Democratic Republic, but rapproachment, Brandt had written countless times over, was the path to unity and prosperity for the German people. |

| However, the FDP agreed to make one concession - that of the public Bundestag votes. The nature of legislation concerning the intelligence services were sensitive to the point that they were classified, however, committee hearing records could be publicly accessed by a German citizen - or potentially, by a foreign spy posing as a German citizen. |

| Utilizing extraordinary executive powers under the Office of the Chancellery, Brandt approved a writ to seal all Bundestag records pertaining to all intelligence actions moving forward. The move came to the ire of some SPD members who were seeking more government transparency, but the national security narrative the government rolled with was hard to overcome. |

| Now behind the scenes, and outside of the purview of foreign intelligence services, Brandt and his FDP allies - with the DPD and some breakaway CDU members in favor - were able to successfully advance new protocols establishing a new special branch of the Federal Intelligence Service, officially dubbed the "Office for Records". In the bill, it was stated that; |

[list][pre]"The Office of Records shall be responsible for the conducting of audits and the recording of data with regards to the office operations of the Federal Intelligence Service."[/pre][/list]

| Naturally, it was a misleading description. The Amt für Aufzeichnungen (AfA) would be responsible for conducting the next level of reconnisance and foreign intelligence operations in collaboration with other willing Western intelligence services. The overall aim would be to develop a covert intelligence network strong enough to protect Germany from sustaining catastrophic damage from covert intelligence sabotage. The AfA would receive a hefty amount of funding, as many were accustomed to with the new, big spending SPD government, and the whole affair would be protected by a writ to seal issued by the Chancellor. |

[list][pre]"In this new world, we have to be careful to ensure that our efforts to build a prosperous and free Germany are not undermined by those hungry for power and influence."[/pre][/list]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

[pre]★ REPÚBLICA REVOLUCIONARIA CUBANA ★[/pre]

[sub] || FEB 1963 || [/sub]

[list][sup]CH3: A SOVIET ECONOMIST IN CUBAN LANDS[/sup]

[sub]"Az you can uh zee here, ze issue is ze lack of productive work. Zis is in cause of lack of productive financial incentive that directly hampers ze productive ability..." whatever vigor Fidel had returned with to Havana following his retreat and recharging earlier had gone completely as he sat through this dense economic explanation by the Soviet economist Evsei Libermann, whose thick accent and tendency to use words of a quite dense pursuation didn't help. Nonetheless, economic reform took priority and if this advisor had the solutions then Castro would do his best to sit through it.[/sub]

[sub]Recent economic hardships had led to the unanimous conclusion that steps needed to be taken to reform the system. During the Great Debate, the Yugoslavian/Socialist Market camp won out and a decision was taken to pursue reform in that direction. In Soviet economist Evsei Libermann, they found their reformist. A quite controversial character in the Soviet Union, Libermann's writing in Pravda drew praise from many (such as Alexei Kosygin) but criticism from others. However in Cuba, his ideas were more at home.[/sub]

[sub]Cuba's state-owned enterprises, numbering double digit thousands due to the fast pace in which they were nationalized, proved to be inefficient and a strain on the country's budget. New factories imported from abroad were not gonna start working in full capacity until 1966. For this, Libermann proposed a solution. Turning select SOEs, specifically those in light industry such as the various consumer goods industries, into self-functioning and self-managing entities. Entitled to their own profit and expenditure, and with freedom to operate as they were capitalist enterprises.[/sub]

[sub]Meanwhile, the 'morale' incentive plan that was implemented under Che Guevara's tenure would be scrapped in favor of higher material incentives to raise productivity, which will also be accompanied by a 10% increase in the salaries of state employees, at the cost of an initial hit of debt. Elsewhere, in the areas of agriculture, all forces would be mobilized towards the improvement of the cash crops of Cuba, specifically Sugar (whose new production goals are aimed at 5.5 million tons, or the equivalent of US$ 385m in market prices) and Tobacco.[/sub]

[sub]Other areas are the encouragements of the cooperative sectors in areas such as food, tourism, and light industrial goods, of which there are currently 20,000 private and cooperative businesses active in total that has not yet been nationalized. While plans were drawn to nationalize them, those have been put on hold.[/sub]

[sub]Overall the plan aims to restore Cuba's economic growth and production capabilities at the expense of a higher amount of debt this year, which will be financed mostly through local and foreign credit. With the country aiming to return to surplus by 1966.[/sub]

[/list]

___________________

[pre]

VIVA CUBA!

VIVA FIDEL![/pre]

Paramountica, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

February 21, 1963

[sub]Newauroria — Afternoon[/sub]

v

|

Headline: Final Push to Complete Great Northern Railway Phase 1: Saskatoon to Winnipeg

Byline: February 21, 1963

Introduction: A remarkable feat of engineering and cooperation, the Great Northern Railway project is on the verge of completing its first phase. With each passing day, progress surges forward, marking a historic achievement in Canadian transportation. This report captures the anticipation and significance of the final push to complete the Saskatoon to Winnipeg section of Phase 1.

In-Depth Report:

Anticipation Mounts: As the winter frost begins to yield to the early signs of spring, anticipation fills the air. The construction teams, dedicated and relentless, are embarking on the last leg of Phase 1. The journey from Saskatoon to Winnipeg represents a critical link in the ambitious railway system.

Meticulous Planning: For months, planners and engineers have meticulously strategized every aspect of this final push. With the experience gained from earlier sections, they have fine-tuned their methods, ensuring efficiency and safety during these last construction phases.

Community Enthusiasm: In the towns and cities along the railway route, excitement is palpable. Communities eagerly await the arrival of the railway, which promises enhanced connectivity, economic growth, and opportunities. It's a time of hope and transformation.

The Promise of Phase 1: Phase 1, upon completion, will connect Vancouver to Winnipeg, creating a vital artery of transportation. It not only facilitates the movement of goods but also opens up the northern provinces to new possibilities. The benefits of this project ripple far and wide.

The Last Milestone: As construction crews lay down tracks and construct stations, the final miles of the Saskatoon to Winnipeg route beckon. With determination and a shared vision, they inch closer to uniting these two key cities and, in essence, knitting together the fabric of the nation.

Conclusion: The completion of the Saskatoon to Winnipeg section of Phase 1 represents a monumental achievement in the Great Northern Railway project. It is a testament to the collective will and expertise of those involved. As the final spikes are driven and the last tracks are laid, Canada stands on the brink of a new era in transportation, one that promises growth, connectivity, and progress for all.

|

[spoiler=[sub]Economy[/sub]

Great Northern Railway Phase 1

—]

Ababemba

Abessinienreich

Adriatican Islands

Alzarikstan

Amsterwald

Anglo Channel

Arcanda

Bayern Kahla

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Canovia

Cascadla

Central Arstotzka

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Hashemite Kingdoms

Hatzburg

Honghai

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

La Granadinas

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Moroavia

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Nonador

Nosautempopulus

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Reyzen

Rutannia

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sri-Lanka

Sudesam

Teymour

The Black Star-

The Sun States

Turkiye 1St

Ubertica

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Amsterwald, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

The VIII Congress of The Communist Party of Romania: Constantin Rotaru, The Genius of the Carpathians, Re-Elected as General Secretary and President of the Republic

[sub]November 1962, Central Committee of The Communist Party of Romania, Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania[/sub]

| In the crisp November air of Bucharest, the VIII Congress of The Communist Party of Romania convened with an air of anticipation. The world watched closely as the delegates from every corner of the nation gathered to shape the future of the Socialist Republic of Romania.

| The star of the congress, as always, was the charismatic and visionary leader, Constantin Rotaru, hailed as "The Genius of the Carpathians." A man of humble origins, had risen through the party ranks with his unmatched intellect and a deep understanding of Marxist-Leninist principles. His tireless dedication to the Communist cause and magnetic charisma had made him an icon among the Romanian people.

| The most significant moment of the congress came when his excellency, Comrade Constantin Rotaru was re-elected as the General Secretary of The Communist Party of Romania with a grand total of 99.6% of votes in favor, cementing his position at the helm of the party. This resounding endorsement was followed by his excellency`s re-election as the President of the Republic with a total of 99.9%, further emphasizing his pivotal role in the nation's governance.

| Under his excellency`s leadership, Romania had made remarkable progress in industrialization, agricultural collectivization, and the expansion of the socialist welfare state. His policies had ushered in an era of economic growth and social stability, earning him the affectionate title of "Genius of the Carpathians."

| While Comrade Rotaru`s re-election took center stage, the congress also addressed several minor matters:

Economic Reforms: Delegates discussed plans for further economic reforms, emphasizing self-sufficiency and technological advancement. The focus was on achieving greater efficiency and innovation within the state-owned enterprises.

International Relations: The congress deliberated on Romania's role in the international communist movement, reaffirming its commitment to solidarity with other socialist nations while maintaining a policy of non-alignment in the Cold War.

Cultural Policy: The congress emphasized the importance of propagating socialist and traditional Romanian values in Romanian culture and education. Rotaru's government continues to support the arts, literature, and film that aligned with the party's Nationalist-Communist ideology.

Youth and Education: The congress outlined strategies for enhancing education and ideological training for the youth, emphasizing the importance of nurturing the next generation of socialist leaders.

[sub]| The VIII Congress of the PCR was considered a massive success for Romanian socialism and national identity, over 15.000 members of the Communist Party of Romania attended the event. |[/sub]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Ababemba

Adriatican Islands

Alzarikstan

Amsterwald

Anglo Channel

Arcanda

Bayern Kahla

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Canovia

Cascadla

Central Arstotzka

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Hashemite Kingdoms

Hatzburg

Honghai

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

La Granadinas

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Moroavia

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Nonador

Nosautempopulus

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Reyzen

Rutannia

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sri-Lanka

Sudesam

Taiiwan

Teymour

The Black Star-

The Sun States

Turkiye 1St

Ubertica

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Amsterwald, Pontianus, Cascadla, Ranponian, East Germany Ddr, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Newauroria, Shari-Ubangi

[pre]★ REPÚBLICA REVOLUCIONARIA CUBANA ★[/pre]

[sub] || FEB 1963 || [/sub]

[list][sup]CH4: CHE'S LETTERS[/sup]

https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1928617

[/list]

___________________

[pre]

VIVA CUBA!

VIVA CHE![/pre]

Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

[list][sub]THE ETHIOPIAN EMPIRE | መንግሥተ ኢትዮጵያ[/sub]

[list][list]1961-1963[/list][/list]

[list][sub]Ethiopia Stretches Her Hands unto God | ኢትዮጵያ ታበፅዕ እደዊሃ ኀበ እግዚአብሔር[/sub][/list]

𝐌𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐤 𝐏𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞, 𝐀𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐬 𝐀𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐚 - | - 𝐀𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐬 𝐙𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧

____________________________________________________________

| Flashback 1961, the bustling streets near Haile Selassie University were alive with the jubilant voices of students chanting in unison, "እምነት ፣ ቤተሰብ ፣ ብልጽግና! እምነት ፣ ቤተሰብ ፣ ብልጽግና!" It was not a protest but a joyous celebration, a celebration of the election results that had just come in. There is a new man in Menelik Palace. A name, until recently unknown to the world, had taken the center stage – Abebe Gebremariam, a businessman, philanthropist, and restaurateur, now ascended to the position of Prime Minister. Delving deeper into Gebremariam's past, he originated from a modest village nestled near the Mugar River. As a young boy, he toiled in the coffee fields, juggling his farm duties with sporadic school attendance. Despite disapproval from his grandfather and mother, his father stood as a pillar of support for his intellect, encouraging him to pursue higher education and make his way to Addis Ababa. Through tremendous sacrifice, his father managed to secure a place for Gebremariam in a provincial secondary school in Debre Markos. It was here that Gebremariam's began to rise as a star student, surprising many. He ultimately earned a scholarship to Haile Selassie University, where he embarked on his studies in Business. However, Gebremariam wasn't content with following the conventional path of seeking managerial roles in established companies. Instead, he sought to chart his own course. He meticulously analyzed the Ethiopian market, searching for untapped opportunities. Despite several options, he recognized a gap in the demand for a particular service – fast food. The epiphany struck him as he impatiently awaited a serving of Doro Wat, engrossed in George H.'s "The Principles of Mass Production." |

| A few months down the line, Gebremariam joined forces with his college friend, Mulatu Astatke, whom he had met at Haile Selassie University. Astatke, freshly returned from a tour in London, was eager to invest in Gebremariam's innovative idea. Their partnership birthed "Los Dorros Hermanos," Ethiopia's inaugural fast-food chain. Astatke, deeply influenced by Latin culture, contributed the Spanish connotations to the name. Gebremariam saw it as a unique representation of their brotherhood. In this venture, Astatke could showcase his pioneering "Ethio-Jazz" music while Gebremariam introduced "Fried Doro" to costumers. As Los Dorros Hermanos flourished, Gebremariam's ambitions expanded. Within four years, he owned a chain of 30 restaurants across the nation. Astatke eventually departed for Miami to further immerse himself in Latin culture, while Gebremariam began channeling his profits into the burgeoning Ethiopian stock market, amassing a fortune in the process. Gebremariam was well known among various other businessmen back in the club at Sheraton, "a true self made millionaire", yet he grappled with a sense of guilt. This guilt ignited his transformation into a philanthropist, leading him to establish a tuition-free college program for students in need. Furthermore he co-founded and funded charity schools throughout the country. His endeavors would eventually circle back to his hometown, where he met with open arms by his once-disapproving grandfather and mother. |

| The year 1954 marked a tumultuous period for Ethiopia, with the looming Witertri Crisis casting a shadow over the empire. Gebremariam felt he had become under pressure as he felt an obligation to improve the betterment of his country, an obligation that started to develop as he began his philanthropy. Driven by his growing sense of duty to his nation, he deepened his involvement in political circles. His popularity surged within these various conferences and circles, earning him the moniker "the chicken man." To his followers, he was described as "charismatic and unyeilding." As the ruling coalition under Habate Wolde's leadership faltered post-midterms, Gebremariam seized the opportunity. He founded the Vanguard Party with like-minded colleagues, as political parties became legitimized. Positioned as the "outsider candidate," Gebremariam asserted that Wolde's party had grown stagnant and ineffective, calling for a younger leader who embodied Ethiopia's future and could effect meaningful change. In the lead-up to the elections, Gebremariam tirelessly promoted his party. While engaging with the urban middle class, he also made a concerted effort to connect with rural voters, often referred to as the "silent majority." The midterm elections saw his party gaining immense popularity, with numerous disenchanted members of the Democratic Nationalist Party defecting to the Vanguard Party, alongside various minor parties. |

[list] ➠ This political upheaval gave rise to what pundits dubbed the "Vanguard Wave." As Ethiopian political commentator Windkechew G. Hells aptly noted, "Practically, this man emerged seemingly out of nowhere and is fundamentally reshaping Ethiopian politics. He's introducing radical reforms, a 'Revolution,' as he calls it. He's challenging the entire establishment... This is the populist Ethiopia has been yearning for."[/list]

| Recognizing that many rural voters struggled to reach the polling booths, Gebremariam personally financed multiple bus companies and hired drivers to transport as many voters as possible. This act further endeared him to the public, as he emphasized not the choice of candidate but the sanctity of the democratic process, where every individual's vote held significance. Now we return back to the same scene back in 1961…the students in the streets chanting “እምነት ፣ ቤተሰብ ፣ ብልጽግና! እምነት ፣ ቤተሰብ ፣ ብልጽግና!”, they are all marching to one place, in front of the Menelik Palace, a man would rise from the balcony, he would raise his hand, waving it in gesture to settle the crowd down...|

╒═════════════════════════════════════════════════════

[list]

“My fellow Ethiopians, citizens of this great nation, and patriots who have fought tirelessly for a brighter future, I stand before you today with immense pride and gratitude. Together, we have achieved something extraordinary. We have emerged victorious in the General elections, and I want to express my heartfelt thanks to each and every one of you who made this historic moment possible

…This victory is not just a triumph for the Vanguard movement; it's a triumph for the Ethiopian people. It's a testament to your unwavering determination and your relentless commitment to the ideals of democracy. I congratulate you all for claiming control of your government. You have won, and Ethiopia has won!..

…Today, we don't merely celebrate our victory; we herald the beginning of a new era, an "Addis Zemen." In this new era, Ethiopia's democratic institutions will not only be safeguarded but elevated to new heights. We will rebuild them stronger and more resilient, ensuring that they serve the interests of the people, not the privileged few

…Our focus, my fellow Ethiopians, will remain steadfastly on improving the lives of the common man…We will work tirelessly to address the pressing domestic issues that have plagued our nation for far too long. The time has come to "drain the swamp" of corruption and greed, to rid Ethiopia of this menace that has hindered our progress

…The values that have defined our nation for centuries – family, tradition, and prosperity – will continue to be the pillars of our success. These values are the core of our identity, and we shall cherish and uphold them as we march forward

…But let me be clear: this is not just a victory; this is a revolution! The people have spoken, and they have taken control of their government. This is your moment, Ethiopia, to rewrite our history and shape our destiny

…And let me tell you this; as you all know, I am not a career politician; I was an outsider who started as a young farmer boy. Through hard work, determination, and the belief in the power of the people, I stand before you today as your Prime Minister. I am here to serve you, the people, not the interests of the elite

…Rest assured, our government is here to serve. We are your servants, and we will listen to your voices. We will act in the best interests of all Ethiopians, ensuring that no one is left behind

…Let us remember that the power to shape our nation's destiny lies in our hands. Together, we can overcome any challenge and seize every opportunity. Ethiopia's greatness awaits us, and with your unwavering support, we will make Ethiopia greater than ever before! Thank you, and may God bless Ethiopia!”

━ ABABE GEBREMARIAM, PRIME MINISTER OF THE ETHIOPIAN EMPIRE

[/list]

╘═════════════════════════════════════════════════════

| In his first year as Prime Minister, 1962, (Elections were on November 7th, with inauguration on January 30th) Gebremariam faced a tumultuous and divisive political landscape that was marked by a constant exchange of Pro-Gebremariam and anti-Gebremariam rhetoric. These clashes of opposing ideologies reverberated across the nation, echoing through media outlets, public debates, and of course, dinner table conversations. Despite the opposition he encountered, Gebremariam leveraged his significant influence within the parliament to push forward an ambitious legislative agenda aimed at addressing some of the country's most pressing domestic issues. This would include a stronger Supreme court, an anti corruption agency, and the Labor Relations Act. |

[list]➠ The Midterms are reigning in and its safe to say that the VGP will easily win the Midterms with dominance, as we enter the second year of Gebremariam’s first term (1963) he claims he plans to move on to “strengthening relations with Ethiopian allies from the east and west in order to advance Ethiopian interests here at home”.[/list]

| The passing of the Judicial Authority Bill enables the Supreme Court to have Judicial powers over the Prime Minister and Imperial Congress to counterbalance the powers held by both branches of Government, much inspired by the American “Checks and Balances”. By the Constitution, the Imperial Supreme Court has "the power of cassation over any final court decision containing a basic error of law". The Constitution entrusted the Senate instead of the courts for solving the issues that may develop between governmental branches, and has furthermore handed the interpretation of the constitution to the Senate as well...In this new Bill, the Imperial Supreme Court will be given further jurisdiction of these two powers, whereas; |

[spoiler={...}]

[sub]Section 1: Augmentation of Cassation Power

1.1. The Imperial Supreme Court shall be bestowed with the formidable authority known as the "Cassation Power," which encompasses the capacity to rectify fundamental errors of law present in any ultimate court judgment.[/sub]

[sub]1.2. The deployment of the Cassation Power shall be executed with meticulous care and restraint, fostering the rectification of elemental legal errors while preserving the autonomy of lower courts.[/sub]

[sub]Section 2: Resolution of Inter-Branch Conflicts

2.1. The Imperial Supreme Court shall assume jurisdiction over conflicts and disputes arising between the various branches of government, thereby echoing the role performed by the Senate in resolving inter-branch disputes.[/sub]

[sub]2.2. The Court, acting as a fair and impartial adjudicator, shall intercede in and adjudicate conflicts that may arise between the executive, legislative, and other governmental branches, thereby ensuring the harmonious functioning of our democracy.[/sub]

[sub]Section 3: Custodianship of Constitutional Interpretation

3.1. The weighty responsibility of interpreting the Constitution, its provisions, and its guiding principles shall be conferred upon the Imperial Supreme Court.[/sub]

[sub]3.2. The Court's interpretations shall serve as luminous beacons, illuminating the path towards the correct application and comprehension of the Constitution, binding all lower courts and governmental entities to these authoritative precedents.[/sub]

[sub]Section 4: Safeguarding Separation of Powers

4.1. In order to maintain the cherished doctrine of separation of powers and safeguard against an undue concentration of authority, the exercise of the expanded jurisdiction and powers delineated in this Bill by the Imperial Supreme Court shall be subject to meticulous scrutiny and periodic review by the Imperial Senate and Judicial Review by Lower Courts.[/sub]

[sub]Section 5: Impeachment of Supreme Court Justices

5.1. In the event that a Supreme Court Justice is suspected of engaging in "high crimes and misdemeanors" or committing grave misconduct or abuse of power, the Imperial Senate shall have the authority to initiate impeachment proceedings against the Justice.[/sub]

[sub]5.2. Impeachment proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with established legal procedures and precedents. The Imperial Senate shall hold hearings and, if deemed necessary, draft articles of impeachment outlining the charges against the Justice in question.[/sub]

[sub]5.3. Removal from office of a Supreme Court Justice shall require a two-thirds majority vote in the Imperial Senate, signifying a broad consensus on the charges brought against the Justice.[/sub]

[sub]Section 6: Prime Minister Discretion in Enforcement

6.1. In the event that the Prime Minister of the nation deems a Supreme Court decision to be in conflict with the Constitution or otherwise unconstitutional, the PM shall possess the discretion to determine the extent to which the decision shall be enforced or implemented.[/sub]

[sub]6.2. The Prime Minister’s exercise of this discretion shall be subject to legal and constitutional review, and the PM shall provide a detailed explanation for any decision not to fully enforce or implement a Supreme Court ruling.[/sub]

[sub]6.3. The Imperial Congress, through its oversight authority, shall be empowered to review and potentially challenge the Prime Minister's exercise of discretion, ensuring that such actions remain consistent with the principles of the Constitution and the rule of law.[/sub]

[sub]Section 7: Safeguarding the Rule of Law

7.1. The provisions outlined in Sections 6 and 7 of this Bill shall serve as essential safeguards to preserve the integrity of the judiciary and protect against abuses of power, without undermining the independence of the Supreme Court.[/sub]

[sub]7.2. These measures are designed to ensure that Supreme Court Justices adhere to the highest standards of conduct and that presidential discretion in enforcing Court decisions is exercised judiciously and within the boundaries of the Constitution.[/sub]

[sub]Section 8: Commencement and Implementation

8.1. This Bill shall spring into effect upon securing the resounding approval of a two-thirds majority vote in the Imperial Senate.

[/sub][/spoiler]

| Furthermore, Gebremariam has indeed been working on laying the groundwork on establishing an anti-corruption agency. However, the agency will not come into full effect until 1963, and investigations starting in 1964. But, in paper at least, the agency now exists, with the Director being Roni Fisahaye, formerly Chief Inspector of the Imperial police in Wolkait from 1941-1959 he is a well-rounded experienced man, he was chiefly important working against Eritrean terrorists during the Eritrean counterterrorism operations. Now head of the Imperial Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, or IEACC. The IEACC will be tasked with investigations within branches of Imperial government, local government, government agencies, and the Imperial Armed Forces. The IEACC is able to arrest with a warrant, hold trials, and sue contenders. Under this clause the IEACC will report directly to the Prime Minister, which has given some criticism from opposition that this gives Gebremariam too much power to the Prime Minister, and with this power he could abuse is powers, giving him the ability to accuse his political enemies of corruption. However, Gebremariam has ensured that he will form an independent committee to direct the IEACC when “the needed resources and standards are met, which will be achieved by the end of my term. This time will be needed due to the unviability of potential candidates for the said independent committee.” While some see this as reasonable due to the agency being young and change is needed “Now or never”, opposition is still unsatisfied with Gebremariam’s response. |

| Finally as his first year closes Gebremariam passes yet another controversial reform, the Labor Relations Act. Gebremariam’s opposition, especially the Ethiopian Imperial Union, had aggressively motioned against this Bill releasing a statement that claims, “Union hinder efficiency, hinder progress, and become a burden for the worker and the nation”. Although the constitution guaranteed the right to form workers' associations, the Labor Relations Act recognized labor unions and employers' associations. Which in turn led to the recognition of the Confederation of Ethiopian Labor Unions last December, which now serves as the national labor organization of the Empire and earns a seat on the Chamber of Corporations. The Supreme Court, IEACC, and especially the Labor Relations Act has increased the popularity of the VGP among the general public, but especially the more liberal voter base of the Empire. Some Ethiopian conservatives, mainly part of the Ethiopian Imperial Union, where congresswoman, Mariame Teklile Gabrieal has stated that, “the VGP and its socialism will be the death of our country.” |

[list][sub]“With the rising stars, an Addis Zemen is born ”[/sub]

[list]― Abebe Gebremariam.

[/list][/list]

____________________________________________________________

[list][spoiler=[sub]𝑺𝑼𝑩𝑳𝑰𝑴𝑬 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑶𝑴𝑶𝑵𝑰𝑪 𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑻𝑬

𝑪𝑶𝑴𝑴𝑶𝑵𝑾𝑬𝑨𝑳𝑻𝑯 𝑶𝑭 𝑳𝑰𝑩𝑬𝑹𝑻𝒀[/sub]]

Abessinienreich

Adriatican Islands

Allbania

Al-Jammahirya Al-Arabiyya

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Andorra-

Arcanda

Batallon De Dignidad

Bhaarat Lok

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Holy Vatican City States

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Los Estados Unidos De Suramerica

Ma-Li

Mayel Lyang

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Monaco-

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Republica De Cuba-

Republican Irishmen

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Tallahan

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, East Germany Ddr, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Nileya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

”The War Against Tribalism”

January 1963

Background

As Mali left it’s first 4 years of independence, and it survived the initial turbulence questions of identity began to take hold. What did it mean to be Malian? Who was Malian? Were certain ethnicities Mali? Prime Minister Léopold Senghor would endeavor to not only build a common identity, but suppress the rampant tribalism, and ethnic nationalism that brought so many other African nations to their knees. The War on Tribalism had been declared.

National Unity and Anti-Discrimination Act

•Within all public political and social organizations, and political parties discussions, complaints, and antagonism towards ethnicities, races, or religions are prohibited. These parties must remove these members, failure to do so will result in the party being labeled an ethnic nationalist or religious fundamentalist party.

•Any social or political organization or party found to be either ethnic or religious based, nationalistic, separatist, or in noncompliance with any parts of the other parts of this act, will be banned.

•Likewise, any politician, or public figure no matter if independent or a party member, would be removed and banned if found to be promoting or pushing ethnic nationalist, religious adherence, racial nationalism, or any forms of racism or discrimination. Further, this extends to public discussions of tribes and ethnicity.

•Abolition of the Chef De Canton system by which local tribal nobility ruled under colonial control. Moving to direct elected and appointed officials to remove ethnic nationalism and tribal affiliation from politics.

•Further, the end of any government privileges or recognition of tribal nobility, subnational monarchies, or other ethnic-based organizations. While these monarchs would, nobility and others would not be killed, or removed from their relatively high standings in local communities, by law they would be recognized as private citizens, and have the same restrictions on political declarations of ethnic nationalist or separatist ideas.

•Restrictions on media’s use of ethnic or religious-based identity politics within broadcast. Punishments could range from fines to bans. Exclusion specifically applied to comedies or other forms of satire.

•Prohibition on legislation that specifically favors ethnoreligious groups, or along regional lines. While legislation could be targeted especially toward the needs of certain states, all-around favoritism or focus on one area, or ethnicities remained prohibited.

•Strong protections against discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or religion, in the workplace punishable by heavy fines.

Other Acts

Alongside the National Unity Act several smaller acts passed in conjunction to enhance anti-discrimination, and crackdowns on tribalism. These included the National Language Act, Maintenance of Social Harmony Act, Civil Servant Reform Act, and Protection of Inter-Ethnic Marriage Act.

The National Language Act:

In pursuit of a uniting and fair language to represent the people of Mali, the N’ko language would be selected. Meaning I-Say in the Mandé languages, N’ko would be the standardization and homogenization of 9 language groupings.

In attempting to implement this new language the government began a 10-Year transitional period, under this transitional period:

•N’ko would become the language of governance, used in the Gbara, Executive, and Judiciary.

•School would also become taught in N’ko; however, French would also continue to be offered through classes as a secondary business language.

•State and Local Administration would be carried out in N’ko, except in cases where the native language must be used.

•Popular media, cultural events, and music would be encouraged to be produced in N’ko.

Of course, these programs were slow from the 1960s to the 1970s; however, by modern-day, 95% of Malians would speak N’ko as at least a second language, with around 65% using it as their primary language at home.

Maintenance of Social Harmony Act

The MSH Act would be an act that would restrict speech and assembly deemed to be incitement to hate or destabilizing within the Federation. This would also lay out the status by which religious groups were allowed to practice their faith within Mali.

•While the right to freedom of assembly is affirmed, organized protests and assemblies would require a permit from local police, or within designated Free Zones.

•Free Zones are locations where people and groups may protest without government permits.

•Protests considered illegal are those with the express intent of promoting ethnic nationalism, political or religious extremism, or incitement of hatred or violence against another group of people. These protests would not under any circumstance be granted permits and could be cracked down upon within free zones.

•Freedom of speech is considered to be paramount and largely upheld.

•Despite upholding these rights, certain restrictions would apply to public declarations or discussions of certain topics:

-Openly calling for violence against any social group, religion, or race/ethnicity. This can be applied simply between two people (fighting words)

-Declarations with the intent to cause conflict or incite violence or hatred between groups of people.

-Deliberately libelous or slanderous attacks against another person, group, or organization may be used to sue or hold another person accountable for defamation.

-These can overall be applied not only to speech in public but speech made within media. It does NOT apply to speech within the privacy of one’s own home. Businesses would also not be required to regulate such speech within their businesses but could lose their partnerships with the government.

•Generally, humor and satire are not only exempt from hate speech laws but are actively encouraged by the government. As “Joking Relationships” have always been important building blocks to Malian culture they would be continued.

•The final portion of the MSH Act requires all churches, mosques, temples, etc. to be registered and licensed by the state National Islamic/Christian/Judaic Religious Councils. The use of this would allow the government to better understand and integrate religion, while also allowing the exclusion of religious sects that may call for violence or extremism from receiving loans, protections, benefits, or exemptions.

Punishment for Bias-Crime

Generally 4 sentences could be carried out for biased crime, usually, be the severity of the crime. Frequency could also escalate the severity of punishment.

-Class 4: Incitement to Hatred Speech: For public discussion which can be deemed as hateful. No more than 3 months imprisonment or a fine (usually fixed to the average wage for 3 months)

-Class 3: Incitement to Hatred, Organization or Publication: Protests, Social Organizations, Political Groups, or Publications deemed to be based upon indictment to inter-ethnic or faith-based hatred carry a larger penalty. Up to 5 years imprisonment and sometimes a fine (fixed 5-year average), the publication would also be taken down, and the organization banned if found to be in violation entirely.

-Class 2: Violence with Bias: This applies to physical violence against a person based upon their ethnicity/religion/gender. This crime would carry 10 years imprisonment and sometimes a fine (10 years).

-Class 1: Violence with Bias That Leads to Death or Organized Group Violence: In the event ethnic/religious/gender-based crime leads to the death of a victim, OR is organized in group attacks, perpetrators will be sentenced to the death penalty, with the forfeiture of all properties.

Civil Servant Reform Act

Civil Servants within Mali before 1963 had wide-sweeping and unchecked power. This made former chiefs and tribal aristocracy often into petty despots ruling over their constituents with almost unlimited power. The Civil Servants Reform Act would begin to drastically curtail their authority and control.

•Civil servants would no longer be allowed to serve in their home villages. This would cut the head off of tribal, or ethnic ties to servants, and make it harder to create ethnic-based states.

•Wider selection pools for civil servants and people would be encouraged to ensure diverse and representative civil services.

•Pay for civil servants would be reduced to “modest amounts” to force them to live among their fellow citizens and act with humility.

Protection of Inter-Ethnic Marriage Act

Inter-ethnic marriage, and bringing together the numerous ethnic groups of Mali was considered a vital and eventual result of continued unity.

•Under the PI-EM Act, disparaging comments, discrimination, or hostility toward inter-marriages would be considered incitement to hatred.

•Systemic-based hostility towards inter-marriages may also face harsh penalties, this can include the removal of any federal aid or benefits or imposed fines.

•Attempts to pass laws on a state or even federal level that would undo punishments or institute punishments against inter-ethnic marriages, or anyway discourage them would be unconstitutional.

Aftermath

The so-called War Against Tribalism would continue as official government policy until the modern day. Only later would the heightened government push for these policies cease.

Most of these policies would not affect the average Malian. West Africa had always been a diverse society, and most of the time this had never been an issue, despite their many flaws, France generally hadn’t exploited ethnic tensions or built racial martial castes like the British in Nigeria.

Early on clampdowns would be more directed towards independent politicians and groups attempting to establish ethnic or regionalist parties and organizations. They were usually banned, and continued agitation led to arrests, the suppression of illegal protests, and the denial of legal ones. Initial unrest towards the so-called denial of free speech, association, and political organization became acceptance, and then a source of national strength and identity. Most Malians by the modern day would align themselves as Malian first, and their tribe second, with around 65% speaking N’ko as they’re at home language.

Politically, the removal of politicians who ran on identity politics, or promoted ethno-religious hatred remained controversial. Likely, the only way the act passed was due to the assent of all 4 executives, and a general push to toe the party line. It’s likely in a multi-party system, or one where the political leaders didn’t embody the ideals of national identity, the act would’ve failed. Some would claim the governments clamping down on the press, speech, and assembly that provoked this hatred, made it undemocratic, or even fascistic; however, this would largely be ignored by Malians. The new system became the norm with only occasionally a politician being removed or censored for breach of the laws.

The Inter-Ethnic Marriage Act would be far more controversial with one certain tribe. A subset of the Serer people, the Serer-Noon were a group of Serer renowned for their independence and deep racism. They raided and massacred French settlers and any non-Noon people who got near their villages. These people remained a major thorn in the French colonial government’s side as they resisted all attempts to be taxed, and their proximity to Dakar made them a constant nuisance.

By taking a firm stance against ethnic discrimination, especially within marriages, the government would also be taking a stance against this ultra-orthodox Serer ethno-religious group. This would cause unrest in the Thies region with the government having to drastically increase villagization quotas, and allow military oversight of the entire region for decades.

While civil service reform may have been necessary, and indeed well-intentioned, its outcomes were largely negative. Slashing civil servant pay didn’t make them more accountable, instead, it drastically increased their likelihood to accept bribes, and in some cases demand them. The attempt to “diversify” and ensure all ethnic groups achieved some representation in civil service and governance also meant under-qualified people were elevated above their station, and overqualified people were given to lesser positions. Even the moving of civil servants away from their homes meant they often were distant, or cold towards their populace, especially during the period when people still ascribed more towards tribal ties than national identity. While some of these issues would begin to phase out, corruption would become institutional in Mali for years to come.

With religion brought under the eyes of the state, radical sects of the Serer-Noon indigenous religion, cults like the Jehovah’s Witnesses, and certain evangelical sects of Christians would be effectively restricted halting their growth.

The press made the most complaints about restrictions. Often Malian media would be labeled as “unfree” and “authoritarian” by outside sources due to restrictions on ethnic content in media. Further expansions and curbing of media freedom with the creation of libel and slander laws would make Malian media a contentious and reviled subject worldwide.

Overall, the War against Tribalism would muzzle ethnic nationalism and religious fundamentalism. Lead to a nation that saw itself by national identity above ethnic or tribe, and brought stability to society. On the downside, corruption would grow, and numerous minority languages and even cultures would go extinct under the name of assimilation and national unity. The limits placed upon freedom of speech, religion, and assembly would be seen by the West as horrifically authoritarian, and by the East as far too weak.

Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, Tallahan, Nileya, Republica De Cuba-, Brazil Toucan, Shari-Ubangi

[list][pre]February, 1963

Government Palace of Eritrea, Denden Street, Asmara, Central Province, The People’s State of Eritrea[/pre][/list]

[list][list]RED STAR RISING, THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTION OF EAST ERITREA[/list][/list]

Almost an entire decade had passed since the horrors of the Eritrean War had come to an end, with the establishment of the Moscow Accords of 1954. However, despite its end, the memory and trauma from the war continued to live on in the minds of the Eritrean population, who had been left behind by the peace accords. Many Eritreans had suffered the consequences of the Ethiopian occupation, especially those who had in some way aided the rebellion.

Many hoping to return to their homes, found it difficult as reconstruction plans had discarded the needs of the local civilian population, many of whom found themselves unable to rebuild their homes on land now confiscated by the military occupation. Cities like Massawa were destroyed and left in the rubble, as a result of the brutal urban battles that took months on Its streets and houses, before the Eritrean Sovereign Army began its retreat to the west.

About half a decade ago, no more than a year after peace was declared in 1954, the Ethiopian Empire began to crumble under the weight of its expansive territory, filled with diverse ethnic and national identities that were at increasing odds with the Imperial dynasty ruling over them from Addis Ababa. By the the outbreak of the Somalian War of Independence in the eastern half of the collapsing Empire, groups of bandits and gangs that had been remnants of the Eritrean resistance, managed to successfully chase the occupying Ethiopian military out of mainland Eritrea, into the nearby Afar region and past the Mereb river into mainland Ethiopia, where to this day, had been engaged in border clashes with the Ethiopian Military.

As the Asmara-based Eritrean resistance had cleared the region of any further foreign occupation, it had attempted to begin talks towards reunification with its western brother the Eritrean Free State. However, those talks would quickly fail, as the Western-aligned government in Akordet would distance itself from any talks of reunification with the east, fearing that the rising socialist and communist influences in the mostly populated half of Eritrea would rapidly sweep out the establishment in the west. In addition to the West’s mistrust of the East, the revolutionary council in Asmara had begun spreading a narrative in recent years, that president Awate of the Free State, and the government in Akordet were puppets of Sudanese manipulative influence in the region, and that it was now the task of Comrade Andom and the Socialist Revolution to liberate its western brothers, and restore Asmara and the revolution as the legitimate government of the Eritrean people.

It has almost been a decade since the revolutionary council has taken control over occupied Eritrea, creating some semblance of an independent nation, not recognized by the majority of the world. However, given the leftist socialist leanings of the revolutionary and the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front. Comrade Aman Andom had seen it fit to declare the independence of the People’s State of Eritrea from the Ethiopian Empire, permanently, and moved to open diplomatic channels with the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and other prominent nations of the Eastern Bloc, to aid in the international recognition of the People’s State of Eritrea (PSE), otherwise to be known as East Eritrea.

[list]ONLY ONE![/list]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Ababemba

Adriatican Islands

Alzarikstan

Amsterwald

Anglo Channel

Arcanda

Bayern Kahla

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Canovia

Cascadla

Central Arstotzka

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Hashemite Kingdoms

Hatzburg

Honghai

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

La Granadinas

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Moroavia

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Nonador

Nosautempopulus

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Reyzen

Rutannia

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sri-Lanka

Sudesam

Taiiwan

Teymour

The Black Star-

The Sun States

Turkiye 1St

Ubertica

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, Tallahan, Greater Kurdistane, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

[pre]★ REPÚBLICA REVOLUCIONARIA CUBANA ★[/pre]

[sub] || MAR 1963 || [/sub]

[list][sup]CH5: A TRUE DEMOCRACY[/sup]

[sub]It has become clear to many within the Cuban circle that fraudulent attacks from all sides of the spectrum will not stop until the Cuban revolution either compromises, or digs its heels in a losing battle. After a week long discussion with the revolutionary committee, Fidel with the advice of his friends and close advisors has decided to let Cuban elections commence next year in 1964.[/sub]

[sub]However false bourgoise democracy this is not, rather a system based on the system of Soviet democracy will be adopted. Municipal councils will first be elected through secret ballot in universal suffrage, with candidates being choosen by the people and not some party. From there, these councils will find themselves with the task of nominating a member to the National Assembly of People's Power, Cuba's new parliament. Who from there will elect the council of state. This system, based on a true Socialist ideal, is envisioned by many within the Cuban circle as 'true democracy'.[/sub]

[sub]In parallel, a constitutional committee has been called by Castro to draft Cuba's new constitution. The former constitution, the 1940 Cuban Constitution, is one that promotes imperialist interest, a quite glaring affront to the aspiration and ideals of the Cuban people. Thus a new constitution, reflecting the ideology and aspirations of the Cuban revolution, is of paramount interest.[/sub]

[sub]Finally, Castro has begun political reconciliation with some elements of the disllusioned revolutionaries. This reconciliation seeks to alleviate fears of dictatorial tendencies from Castro on one hand, while on the other ensure that political opposition from these factions is neutered and mute. With an election date set, a free system envisioned, and full mobilization towards this goal, Cuba will soon become one step closer to its goals of liberation.[/sub]

[/list]

___________________

[pre]

VIVA CUBA!

VIVA FIDEL![/pre]

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

Post by Free Corcaigh suppressed by Greater Kurdistane.

Free Corcaigh

The Republic of Free Corcaigh

March 1963

Freedom At Last

Following the Hallahan Rebellion, The Republic of Free Corcaigh (Formerly County Cork) is now a independent state. All remaining Irish soldiers have left the country, and all those who wish to remain citizens of Ireland have been given a 30-day grace period to pack up and move out of the country.

Elections for the Prime Minister will be held on the 12th of December. The winner of the election will be inaugurated on the 12th of March of next year. The Parliament has already been set up, and in 3 years their terms will be up, and elections will be held.

Uniforms, Weaponry, Vehicles, and Bases will all be taken from existing Irish 1st Brigade bases. As the CFA (Corcaigh Freedom Army) is being deconstructed, elite soldiers from the ranks of the CFA are being reconstructed into the CFR (Corcaigh Freedom Rangers). Diplomatic talks are currently being held in Dublin about a possible alliance. A lot of the Corcaigh populace approve of this alliance, many Irish nationals don’t think it is a good idea.

" Le haghaidh an saor in aisce "

The Republic of Free Corcaigh

March 1963

Freedom At Last

Following the Hallahan Rebellion, The Republic of Free Corcaigh (Formerly County Cork) is now a independent state. All remaining Irish soldiers have left the country, and all those who wish to remain citizens of Ireland have been given a 30-day grace period to pack up and move out of the country.

Elections for the Prime Minister will be held on the 12th of December. The winner of the election will be inaugurated on the 12th of March of next year. The Parliament has already been set up, and in 3 years their terms will be up, and elections will be held.

Uniforms, Weaponry, Vehicles, and Bases will all be taken from existing Irish 1st Brigade bases. As the CFA (Corcaigh Freedom Army) is being deconstructed, elite soldiers from the ranks of the CFA are being reconstructed into the CFR (Corcaigh Freedom Rangers). Diplomatic talks are currently being held in Dublin about a possible alliance. A lot of the Corcaigh populace approve of this alliance, many Irish nationals don’t think it is a good idea.

Le haghaidh an saor in aisce

Rutannia, Saudi Arabiyah, Abessinienreich, Tallahan

Free Corcaigh wrote: The Republic of Free Corcaigh

March 1963

Freedom At Last

Following the Hallahan Rebellion, The Republic of Free Corcaigh (Formerly County Cork) is now a independent state. All remaining Irish soldiers have left the country, and all those who wish to remain citizens of Ireland have been given a 30-day grace period to pack up and move out of the country.

Elections for the Prime Minister will be held on the 12th of December. The winner of the election will be inaugurated on the 12th of March of next year. The Parliament has already been set up, and in 3 years their terms will be up, and elections will be held.

Uniforms, Weaponry, Vehicles, and Bases will all be taken from existing Irish 1st Brigade bases. As the CFA (Corcaigh Freedom Army) is being deconstructed, elite soldiers from the ranks of the CFA are being reconstructed into the CFR (Corcaigh Freedom Rangers). Diplomatic talks are currently being held in Dublin about a possible alliance. A lot of the Corcaigh populace approve of this alliance, many Irish nationals don’t think it is a good idea.

Le haghaidh an saor in aisce

No

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

East Germany Ddr wrote:No

Ok, how do I improve?

Free Corcaigh wrote:Ok, how do I improve?

join the region discord: https://discord.gg/col-on-nationstates

[pre]The Cultural Revolution[/pre]

[sub]I - Beginnings of Time[/sub]

[sub]1st March, 1963[/sub]

[pre]Yakubu Ochefu was a low-level government agent working for the PBR, having been offered the role just weeks following the revolution. Simply there is for its economic benefits and it enables him to support his parents. Educated in Britain during his university days, he had become a supporter of Democratic Socialism. After getting back in Nigeria by 1962, he had become a political operative for the now-defunct Nigerian Revolutionary Party, an off-shoot political force of the Nigerian Revolutionary Front. While not a supporter of the movement as a whole, his experience in the NRP allowed him to gain a spot in the PBR, a political and economic union of government pen-clickers designed to suppress capitalist and elitist culture and were the backbone of the Ijeawele political establishment. Until now, he had been part of the anti-capitalist administrative section, passing information from the heavyweights of the National Committee of Order (NCO) to the local cabals on the ground. Yakubu was promoted to become a government agent tasked with arresting "intellectual opponents" or "members of the capitalist elite". Just in his first week on the job, he had been given his first assignment - the assassination of a wealthy businessman, Kemi Mutiat, in downtown Lagos. While the abolishment of private property had a massive effect, Mutait had managed to remain de-facto powers of various businesses across Lagos' elite, such as restaurants and various manufacturing sites across the Delta.[/pre]

[pre]Local cabals had given information about Kemi's whereabouts, of which he was allegedly going to one of his bars in downtown Lagos. Luckily, much of downtown Lagos, especially the wealthy areas, were high-top buildings, areas where a basic long-range rifle could kill the target. While he wasn't experienced in rifles, or guns in general, he knew the basics. Aim and Shoot. Coming to the evening, he drove his 3-year-old car out to a building near the bar, with small crowds gathering to get a drink. A few buildings in the area had been partly renovated, and Yakubu made his way through the building work, mostly just small piles of wood unfitted. Coming to a relatively high vantage point, he lightly perched the rifle downwards, aimed towards the bar. He was unsure where he was. In his mid-50s, he was a fairly large man who often wore grey tuxedos. The crowds became larger and larger, becoming more and more unsure if he was coming.[/pre]

[pre]10 Minutes ticked by. Soon enough, a car pulled up by the side of the bar. Out exited Kemi Mutiat wearing his classic grey tuxedo. He squinted twice, shifting the gun towards him. Taking one step after the other as Kemi trotted his way towards the open bar, the mid-20s bureaucrat squeezed the trigger, the bullet bulging into his neck, as his body collapsed to the floor. Numerous bodyguards swarmed the wounded man, as Yakubu quickly dashed towards his car, leaving the rifle in a complete rush. However, it was too late, as the bodyguards had already noticed where the short had come from. Just as he was to enter his car, one of the bodyguards tackled him to the floor, as more and more gathered to prevent him from running away. It was over. Punches came again and again, blood trickling from his nose, his skull becoming bruised and bruised. Struggling and struggling, it was over. Mission complete.[/pre]

[sub]Downtown Lagos - 3rd March, 1963[/sub]

[pre]Just a day following the death of Yakubu Ochefu and the assassination of Kemi Mutiat, over 1000 members of the Nigerian People's Army, were armed with semi-automatic rifles, Molotov cocktails and other homemade weaponry. While not a fighting force against most countries, their aim was control and downtown Lagos was the prime state. Bullets flung left to right, fires sprung up from nothing and Ijeawele's army had officially ignited a class war. The Elite of Lagos were to perish and Nigeria was to finally be free from the tyranny of capitalism, or at least that was what loyalists thought. However, while Lagos may have been ground zero for the purge, all across the nation, a war of culture and the destruction of the former was to be behold. Ochefu's death was merely the catalyst.[/pre]

'This was the beginning and the end. This was a purge of history and human nature - Pius Okigbo, economist and critic of the Ijeawele Regime.

Paramountica, Rutannia, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

East Germany Ddr wrote:join the region discord: https://discord.gg/col-on-nationstates

aight

[list]March 1963

[sub]The GDR reaches out to Africa[/sub][/list]

[list][pre]F R E U N D S C H A F T[/pre][/list]

MARX-ENGELS-PLATZ

[sub]BERLIN, East Germany Ddr[/sub]

[sub]| Inspired by recent events in Eritrea (Nileya) and Nigeria (Ngiera), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the GDR seeks to link East Germany more closely to the fledgling socialist states of Africa, in the hope that revolutionary sentiments will eventually spill over and spread across the continent. |[/sub]

https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1929137

https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1926148

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Cascadla, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Cheezaslovakia, Tallahan, Grande Pudimland, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Free Corcaigh

Post by Free Corcaigh suppressed by Paramountica.

Free Corcaigh

The Republic of Free Corcaigh

March 1963

Gaeilge in Schools

Gaeilge, also known as Irish, Irish Gaelic, or simply Gaelic is the dying language of our land. During British occupation, they repressed the language and tried to beat it out of the Irish people. However, because of their Irish stubbornness, the language was able to make a slight comeback when Ireland became sovereign. Now that we are a free country ourselves, we must decide if Gaeilge will be the official language.

The former County Cork was known for the widespread use of Gaeilge as many people knew Gaeilge as their first language. The argument has been made that using english is a sign of British oppression, and so many believe it would show strength if we use Gaeilge as our official language.

Parliament will be voting on this in the coming days, the results will be shared promptly.

Le haghaidh an saor in aisce

[list][list]MARCH 1963[/list]

[list][list]SARAH VISITA O PALÁCIO GYEONGBOKGUNG

[pre]SARAH VISITS GYEONGBOKGUNG PALACE[/pre][/list][/list]

[pre] O R D E M E P R O G R E S S O [/pre]

THE EMPRESS OF BRAZIL

[sub]SEOUL, Rutannia — MIDDAY[/sub]

| In Brazil’s swanky capital, officials at the Presidential Palace hand the President an important document. Brazil’s President SARAH KUBITSCHEK, dressed in a beautiful beige dress and wearing glasses, gracefully leafs through the document — the day of her trip to Korea has arrived. Twenty minutes later, after drinking a cup of coffee and reading the morning newspaper, her security guards entered the office to escort her to the airport. SARAH bought a beautiful traditional Korean dress (called “Hanbok”) for her first trip as head of state to Korea. The last time SARAH visited Korea was when she was Brazil’s First Lady in 1957. |

[list]| SARAH KUBITSCHEK, [sub]President of the Republic[/sub] | “Well, now Korea has a King and no more a President.”[/list]

| At Brasília Airport, President KUBITSCHEK was welcomed by the Brazilian press, as well as by her supporters. Before boarding the plane, SARAH greets and thanks her constituents. SARAH and her team boarded the plane. The Brazilian presidential plane finally lands at Seoul Airport, SARAH goes down the stairs and walks towards the Korean Prime Minister to greet him. President KUBITSCHEK insisted on meeting first with the KING OF KOREA and then with the head of the Korean government. SARAH brought with her many expensive gifts to give the King. For the Brazilian people, although Brazil is a Presidential Republic, Sarah is considered by many to be an Empress, she is the EMPRESS OF BRAZIL. |

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Saudi Arabiyah, Batallon De Dignidad, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Ma-Li

hello guy. are there war?

[pre]L E ‎ P A R I S ‎ ‎D E L' O R I E N T[/pre]

[sup]1 9 6 3[/sup]

----------------------

[sub] | CH5: THE MILITARY, THE PEOPLE, ONE HAND IN ONE STRUGGLE |[/sub]

[list]T[sub]he Lebanese military has never had much of a political history in Lebanon, unlike neighboring Syria pre-unification or Egypt, the military has long been an apolitical actor. In part due to fear by Christians that Muslims could use the military to overthrow the established system, in part due to Muslims fearing continued domination by the military which is controlled by Maronite forces. However under President Chehab, the military has slowly gained more and more prominence, being refrenced 'an important actor holding unity together' .[/sub]

[sub]Some of the political elite have looked at this with suspicion, Lebanon's facade of a democracy is not a secret, but the military has been slowly taking the place of feudal elite families which controlled Lebanon since the colonial days and President Chehab's elimination of the old system has angered this class of land owners. However it is no doubt that the military is indeed one of the most, if not the most stable entity in the country and their involvement in politics is going to ensure the continuation of President Chehab's rule.[/sub]

[sub]The recent clashes between Palestinian and Christians militias have seemingly given President Chehab the justification he needs to today pass Decree no.168 of 1963, which has given the military martial law like powers to detain and arrest whoever it pleases without charge. The usually anti-military Raymond Edde, part of the government, has voiced his immense anger over the increased power of the military.[/sub]

[sub]The increased presence of the military has also been coupled with increased drive for military modernisation. A landmark deal between France and Lebanon saw the purchase of 73 AMX-13 light tanks, 82 AMX-VCI, thousands of MAS-49 rifles, and for the airforce 52 Mirage III's for a total contract costing over US$ 150m, which is by far the biggest military deal in history of Lebanon. The message is clear, face the government and face the consquences.[/sub]

[sub]That is of course, not to mention the increased budget and authority the secret military intelligence, the Deuxième Bureau, has been given in secret by President Chehab. The Deuxième Bureau has so far undertaken several operations to undermine local militias and lead the way in ensuring Lebanon does not fall into civil strife. Ultimately, its up to Lebanon to see its future from here, but it is no secret the military will not be gone soon.[/sub]

[/list]

___________________________

Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

10 Years ago today the COL was Founded, a lot has changed many people have come and gone, id like to commemorate those Original members who have disappeared

Uzbecistan South Asian Interests The Socialists Dreams Black Cats Luck North OmahaThe United Tribes andTritona

Amsterwald, Metropolitan Francais, Grande Pudimland, Ma-Li, Estado Espanol

Post self-deleted by The Waste Land.

Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

| DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF KURDISTAN - KOMARA DEMOKRATA KURDISTANÊ |

Kurdish Workers Begin Construction of Rohilati Dam!

[sub]| Greater Zab River, 65 km East of Hewlêr Proper

| 12 April, 1963[/sub]

-

[sub]Sweat beaded and rolled off Afran’s forehead as he swung his pickaxe into the mountainside once more. A crack rang out and a stone the size of his head fell to his feet. The same crack was echoed by a hundred other pickaxes swung by the hundred other men labored with. They all relished the briefest reprieve as the sun’s light was dispersed by a cloud. Afran wiped the sweat from his brow and peered down the mountain. At its base was a cluster of ramshackle tents and simple wooden structures, the military work camp he’d called home for nearly a month now. From up here the tents, a little sea of white clustered along the river, reminded him of cotton. It had been years since he’d grown cotton and at least six months since he’d seen his farm in Merdine Province. His heart ached for his daughters. Still, when he gazed across the valley, at the tide of the great river his country would soon dare to tame, he felt an indelible sense of hope.[/sub]

____________

| As confirmed by state media and representatives for the Ministry of Development, Kurdistan has begun construction of a large embankment dam on the Great Zab River. The river bisects southern Kurdistan, flowing through the provincial capital of Hewlêr, and finally into the larger Tigris River. As long as planners in the Kurdish government had been working on proposals for a dam, the Greater Zab had been regarded as the natural location. The dam will be handily the largest in the country and represents a significant technical feat for the Kurdish government. |

| Once completed, the Rohilati Hydroelectric Power Station will have an installed capacity of 650 MW and a surface area of some 45 square kilometers. The Dam will primarily control flooding on the Greater Zab as well as provide for irrigation, both crucial to the vast agricultural efforts underway in Kurdistan’s south. Additionally, it will provide clean and affordable electricity to the city of Hewler and the broader provincial population. The construction effort is expected to run through the rest of the 2nd 5-Year Plan, projected to be completed by the end of the 3rd 5-Year Plan in 1970. |

| Development Minister Baran Ferhad stated that excavation and quarrying are underway, as is the creation of construction facilities and other related infrastructure. He elaborated that construction on the dam itself will begin within 3 months. The project will continue to be overseen by the Development Ministry, with most contracts awarded to the Kurdish military’s construction firms. However, the project will not be solely a domestic effort. Kurdistan's industrial and financial base are still too weak to support such projects on its own and as such Kurdistan has sought assistance across the Eastern Bloc. Predictably Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union emerged as Kurdistan’s main partners in the project. Yugoslav engineers of a dozen different varieties have arrived on planes along with shipments of Soviet heavy construction equipment valued at millions of dollars. |

| Nationwide, the Rohilati Dam has been portrayed as a herculean effort of the Kurdish laborer, one that will carry Kurdistan into its new socialist future as a modern and developed nation. At workplaces nationwide donation drives have begun, asking workers to give whatever they can to the nation’s valiant project. The government has meticulously avoided framing the matter of the dam in the context of Kurdistan’s conflict with the Hashemite Arab Federation (Hashemite Kingdoms). Still, the political implications of the dam and its location have not been lost on the nation’s leaders. State propaganda has begun preemptively defending Kurdistan’s explicit right to do what it pleases with its water resources. Consequently, the idea of the dam as an affirmation of Kurdish sovereignty and independence has gradually been popularized among the people. |

_________________

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the Glory of the Workers of the [/sub]

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF KURDISTAN

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Saudi Arabiyah, Abessinienreich, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Hashemite Kingdoms, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

"Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God."

Betancourt's biggest mistake was allowing radicalism to fester. His commitment to democracy, multiparty politics and liberty were commendable, but ultimately resulted in the formation of political parties and organizations who sought to bring down that which the Colombian people had shed blood to build. This, and the persistent attacks by FARC had motivated President Rafael Caldera to immediately take action upon the increasingly unstable security situation in the country.

Within 48 hours of his inauguration, Caldera had signed numerous Presidential Decrees, taking advantage of the powerful office to combat what he saw as a threat not only to the state, but also to the Christian faith in Colombia. It was no secret that the vast majority of FARC insurgents were atheists at best and Satanists at worst. While the latter had little factual backing, many within his own cabinet were convinced that this was the case. A war with FARC would not only be one against communism, but also the forces of darkness, of Satan and all of those who would challenge God and His faithful.

Caldera's biggest motivation however, was the suffering being inflicted upon hundreds, thousands of Colombians across the nation. Newspapers and radio broadcasts were filled with news of people who were killed or otherwise wounded in terrorist attacks. While FARC had concentrated their attacks upon government employees and the police, the people, especially those in urban areas believed that FARC was attacking them rather than the government. When their cities and towns became increasingly unsafe, many who espoused left-wing views shifted to the right or quietly rescinded their views. Others were emboldened by the attacks, however. Convinced that the 'revolution of the Proletariat' was a foregone conclusion. An inevitability.

President Caldera's first action in office was Executive Order 1099, which coalesced Colombia's intelligence community. Long utilized by military dictators to quell dissent, Colombia's intelligence services had been weaponized against the populace and had lost their primary role as tools of law and order. To avoid internal coups and ensure loyalty, both Cipriano Castro and Juan Vicente Gómez had separated and reorganized the intelligence and law enforcement apparatus. It had essentially split state resources among more than a dozen different agencies and departments, all of which competed for the favor from the 'Jefe Supremo'. Caldera's new executive order would completely change that.

Order 1099 created the Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia (DNI) to tackle foreign threats, the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS) to tackle domestic threats and the Dirección General de Inteligencia Militar (DGIM) to serve as the military primary intelligence service. Through the formation of these agencies, Colombia had now established a solid framework under which valuable intelligence could be efficiently collected and utilized to safeguard national security. Embedded within the order were also rules that guaranteed civilian oversight over the three agencies, placing them under the oversight of cabinet-level departments. The DNI was placed under the Executive Office of the President of the Republic, putting the agency under direct supervision of Caldera, the DAS was placed under the newly-formed Ministry of Public Safety, and the DGIM would be overseen by the Ministry of National Defense.

Caldera also signed Executive Order 1100, creating the Ministry of Public Safety, a cabinet-level department. This department would be in charge of general public security, rendering relief during natural disasters, along with overseeing the National Police, regional police forces, and the DAS. Upon its formation, Caldera appointed former National Police chief, Major General Bernardo Camacho Leyva as the department's head. Approved by the COPEI majority, Leyva had previously headed the country's own federal police force. Known as one of the few police officers with a good reputation, Leyva had been the only Director-General of the National Police to not be suspected or convicted of corruption charges. While despised by most of the rank-and-file, Caldera trusted the man to reshape and reform the National Police.

The last phase of the President's plan was handled by Congress. Controlled by a supermajority of his own party, he was able to easily and effectively pass legislation without interference from the opposition. This allowed the National Assembly and the Senate to pass two bills. The first was the Ley de Seguridad Pública y Orden Social (Public Safety and Social Order Act) which empowered the President to liberally utilize the National Police and the military to neutralize domestic threats. It also extended the periods of 'States of Siege' from 30 days to 60 days. Controversially, it also also extended the definition of 'probable cause' allowing the police to more easily arrest individuals. The new law also allowed the police to arrest someone for longer periods of time, extending it from its former 7 days to 21 days.

The second bill passed by the Colombian Congress was the Ley de Amnistía (Amnesty Act) which provided amnesty to any and all members of FARC over a limited period of time. The bill's provisions established a 30 day window allowing a FARC member to surrender to local National Police offices. Terms of surrender included giving up on any illegal firearms and being subjected to a 'questionnaire'. The law also contained provisions allowing FARC members to surrender during the days of Holy Week and the 24th and 25th of December. While the Amnesty Act has been controversial even amongst Caldera's allies, the President had lobbied hard for the law, believing it to be a sign that he was not only willing to accept non-radical members back into society but also that as a practicing Christiwn, he was capable of mercy.

Regardless of what happened over the next few months, President Caldera was certain of one thing. He had done his best. He had done everything within his power to not only protect the people, but also give a window of opportunity for these young men and women to return to their old lives. God could punish but also forgive, and in Caldera's eyes that was a creed he needed to follow. Now, the rest was in God's hands.

Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Saudi Arabiyah, Holy Vatican City States, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Shari-Ubangi

[spoiler=PLAY ME FOR AMBIENCE: Fado: Portuguese Guitar by Alexandre Bateiras]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qs75nhUmkPA[/spoiler]

[list][sup]1961 to 1962[/list][/sup]

[pre]𝐄𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐍 𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐄𝐘𝐌𝐎𝐎𝐍[/pre][sup][pre] | PORTUGAL, LISBON[/pre][/sup]

[sup]As the northern Angola was ravaged by FNLA terrorists, a palace coup conspiracy was taking place. The response from Lisbon was sluggish, with Salazar delaying a public appearance until the 13th of April 1961. Making a dramatic broadcast that he was assuming the post of minister of defense and that Portuguese troops would be sent rapidly and in large numbers to regain control of a situation. However, Salazar's language and tone carried an air of hesitance as to how to deal with the crisis. A former member of the Government, Santos Costa, in a series of letters argued that the deployment of up to 10,000 troops in northern Angola was vital to contain the uprisings. He pleaded with Salazar to exercise his authority and not to 'suggest' but to 'demand' and 'order'. Defense minister, Botelho Moniz, appeared more concerned with compelling him to modify his hardliner stance opposing self-determination in the African territories. Such an opinion was very much taboo within the government. Salazar had an old-fashioned notion of what constituted the wealth of nations, he would tell his people that the overseas colonies were what made his nation great. Angola, Mozambique, and to a lesser extent, Guinea, all helped to provide captive markets for home-made goods, ready sources of raw materials, and foodstuffs as well as an outlet for the homeland's surplus population. Consequently, when Angola was invaded by a rag-tag FNLA army that emerged from Zaire, Lisbon retaliated by sending to Africa an inexperienced conscript army that was not trained or armed for a bush war. Portugal's most effective countermeasure at the start of the crisis would be the elite Caçadores, or 'Hunters'. Who had already been training in Angola prior to the crisis, making them the spear of operations against the FNLA and world-famous when reporters from La Plata documented the liberation of Maquela by the Caçadores.[/sup]

[sup]Minister Moniz, in a letter to his chief written on the 27th of march, he insisted that the time was overdue for sweeping changes at government level which would enable reform of the military to take place. He claimed to have the overwhelming backing of military colleagues, and he had the opportunity to put his views to Salazar in meetings held on the 27th and 28th. But Salazar played for time, probably aware by now that his minister was seeking to oust him. His suspicions confirmed when President Tomas, who met with Moniz twice on the 5th of April, when he was told that he should politically neutralize, or else dismiss, Salazar as the military was poised to take control of the country. Rumors of what was afoot spread in political circles, but despite the audacity of his plans, Moniz would decide that taking time off for Easter break in the Algarve Islands was more important than setting his conspiracy in motion. Moniz brushed aside the advice of a close collaborator, Colonel Carlos Vianna de Lemos, to mobilize middle-level officers as well. It was to be a palace coup organized by senior ranks, and the evidence suggested the army was solidly behind it. All of this negligence would come back to haunt Moniz when he returned a week, as his assumption that Admiral Tomas would fall into line with what seemed to be the consensus that Salazar's time in charge was over. President Tomas, often disparaged as a nonentity and was underestimated as a result. Tomas would remain loyal to Salazar, stalling the conspirators for time as the crack-down was being organized. Salazar, upon being informed by Tomas of the conspiracy, fell into low spirits. Even telling his foreign minister, Mathias de la Villa, quote: 'it is likely, the pair of us will meet up soon in Aljube.' a Lisbon prison.

[/sup]

[sup]Despite the pessimism, Salazar would have his salvation when his determination was boosted by supporters in his social circles. Shockingly, he even received support from former fierce opponents such as Armando Cortesão and former prime minister Cunha Leal, who closed ranks behind Salazar in his bid not to let Angola go. On the 12th, Salazar had a long meeting with Tomas, who was told by him that he was going to remove the plotters and assume the defense job himself. Following his lead, Tomas agreed to officially ratify the changes the next morning. All the while Moniz was running his mouth to American ambassador, Charles Burke Elbrick, that: 'Dr. Salazar is an old man, has less energy, no longer takes command of situations as he did previously.' By then, backers of the status quo had been able to mobilize within the armed forces. Despite the writing on the wall, Moniz doggedly persisted with his plan, which now included the removal of the head of state. The conspirators all gathered in the Cova de Moura palace on the 13th of April. They were joined by ex-president Craveiro Lopes, who brought his marshal's uniform with him. He was with the rebel's heart and soul and planned to change into the uniform when the goal of removing Salazar had been accomplished. Before they could act on their master plan, the state radio broke into its normal schedule to announce that the minister of defense and senior colleagues had been removed. With the announcement, many of the senior officers who threw their hats with the coup plotters, now abandoned them. The coup had collapsed at that point, thus Moniz and his remaining backers surrendered. While the conventional wisdom is to kill and imprison coup plotters, to keep the peace, Salazar simply forced the conspirators into retirement or else reassigned. While Salazar would stand victorious over the palace coup, the fact that the crisis had led to such a situation in the first place; was telling that the Portuguese Empire was cracking in the face of modernity.[/sup]

[list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

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[/spoiler][/list]

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[list][list][list][pre]RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE

FRENCH BUREAUCRACY

CHÂTEAU DE VERSAILLES[/pre][/list]

______

CHÂTEAU DE VERSAILLES: DE GAULLE'S AUTOCRACY AND FRANCOPHONE COOPERATION IN AFRICA

[sub]VTH REPUBLIC | PARIS, APRIL 1963[/sub][/list]

[sub]| SEAT OF ABSOLUTISME, CHÂTEAU DE VERSAILLES - | Many Frenchmen were uncomfortably considering Charles de Gaulle's impact on their own society last week as other Europeans shouted against his vision of a French-led Europe. Since the November elections effectively annexed the National Assembly to the Elysée Palace, De Gaulle has ruled with minimal parliamentary opposition and only subdued rumblings from France's once-loud press.[/sub]

[sub]Charles de Gaulle has a gigantic capacity for being insensitive to everyone else's sensitivities for a man who is so adamant about having his own sensibility taken into account. De Gaulle triumphantly surveyed the scene last week for the benefit of some 348 freshly elected National Assembly Deputies in a reception at the Palace of Versailles after turning France's friends and neighbors on their ears. They are all ardent Parti Social Français (PSF) supporters of De Gaulle. It has become evident that President De Gaulle has established a personal regime where, despite not being nearly as autocratic as the regime of Juan Perón, nearly any potential controversy is similarly put to rest by the government lest it be perceived by foreigners as an outright expression of national policies. Under the emergency regulations of France, De Gaulle's administration has recently canceled a TV documentary that was scheduled to air in honor of the 20th anniversary of the Battle of Stalingrad. The administration described Nikita Khrushchev's tirade in the movie, which was produced by the state-owned TV network, as "violently hostile to West Germany and to the policy of Franco-German rapprochement." That same week he ordered the Paris Opera to cancel a performance by Russian ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, who left for the West in 1961. Despite the fact that Nureyev had already performed in Paris, London, and New York, the French authorities clearly believed that his appearance in Paris at this time would offend Nikita Khrushchev.[/sub]

[sub]Shortly thereafter De Gaulle ordered the confiscation of roughly 75,000 copies of the book High Court, written by far right-wing author Alfred Fabre-Luce, which imagines how De Gaulle's trial might go if the Senate decided to impeach him. This time, the authorities wanted to make sure Charles de Gaulle wasn't offended. Some of the government's repressions can be explained by diplomatic wrangling on the global stage. However, it didn't seem plausible that Khrushchev would give a damn whether Nureyev performed a ballet in Paris or that Adenauer would object to Nikita criticizing him on television. But who expects reasoning when a government is immune from criticism or legal recourse? During that same time frame De Gaulle authorized the Finance Ministry to halt a transaction involving the U.S. Chrysler Corporation after it announced that it had plans to acquire control of Simca, France's third largest automobile manufacturer. This action however was shortly followed up with diplomatic reconciliation when President De Gaulle conditionally accepting a number of the Polaris missiles being offered to both France and Great Britain by the United States. Orders from De Gaulle's desk quickly made their way to the Ministry of National Defense, requesting that assets be shifted in the French Navy to hasten the development of France's Redoutable-class ballistic missile submarines. Fielding and testing of the Polaris missiles would occur on the FNS Gymnote S655.[/sub]

[sub]In Africa, De Gaulle has made a tidal wave of French efforts to cooperate with former colonies and Francophone nations. The efforts started with Ethiopia of all countries where a tremendous military aid package is to be sent including 25 Panhard AML armoured cars, 25 Mk F3 155 mm self propelled artillery, and 8 Dassault Super Mystère fighter-bombers. De Gaulle was able to speak directly with Ethiopian Prime Minister Ababe Gebremariam regarding a "Preferential Trade Agreement between France and Ethiopia" and French cooperation with Ethiopia on the expansion of its railway, a new railway to Assab which would be linked to Djibouti connecting to the main railway already there. Shortly after making a mutually beneficial deal with the Ethiopians, France's former colony, Tchad reached forward requesting military aid while offering much more. President De Gaulle seized the opportunity for France to assist Chad with a large number of sizable national development projects. These to were coupled with agreements allowing France 50% ownership of all Chadian oil and 80% of all Uranium. Chadian President Félix Malloum also offered France two additional military bases in Chad, located in Abeche and another at Mondou. These come with an agreement from De Gaulle to support the Chadian Armed Forces with assistance in field training. Zaire being the final central African nation to reach out, agreed to a French request for economic cooperation, most notably in Cobalt mining sector. Zaire possesses roughly 50% of the worlds known Cobalt, but lacks the current ability to refine it. Thus France has begun to expand its Cobalt refinement efforts, taking in large amounts from Zaire. |[/sub]

[list]______[/list]

[list][list][pre]VIVE LA RÉPUBLIQUE!

VIVE LA FRANCE!

VIVE L’EMPIRE![/pre][/list][/list]

[list][spoiler=[sub]𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐌

𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐘[/sub]]

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[/spoiler]

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The Gambia Joins the Federation of Mali

April 23, 1963

| Following their declaration of full independence from the British Empire, The President of The Gambia, Sheriff Dibba began discussions with the Malian Federation on integration into the nation.

Despite running on a Pro-Malian party full and immediate integration was not the goal for Dibba. Immediate haphazard integration would likely only cause chaos as the cadre of leftover English-speaking civil servants would be unlikely to mesh well with the still largely French-speaking, Malian administrative apparatus.

In a meeting between the President of Mali Modibo Keïta, Prime Minister of Mali Léopold Senghor, and President Dibba in Banjul, an agreement was reached regarding the integration of The Gambia was reached.

Immediately the Gambia would cease to be an independent state. For now, it would become an autonomous state within the Malian Federation. This autonomy would include setting taxation and tariff rates and extend to conducting independent elections, including free multi-party elections. Every 5 years the Federation would reexamine the terms and conditions of Gambian autonomy to see if full integration would be possible.

With this agreement, The Gambia’s short 3-month stint of independence would end. The Gambian Autonomous State of the Malian Federation would last for nearly a decade, over which time Sheriff Dibba and his party would maintain a tight one-party rule, but allow free and fair elections, this would be the foundation and testing model for the future democratic model in Mali.

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[list][sub]THE ETHIOPIAN EMPIRE | መንግሥተ ኢትዮጵያ[/sub]

[list][list]April 1963[/list][/list]

[list][sub]Ethiopia Stretches Her Hands unto God | ኢትዮጵያ ታበፅዕ እደዊሃ ኀበ እግዚአብሔር[/sub][/list]

𝐇𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐞 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐀𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐬 𝐀𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐚 - | - 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐬

____________________________________________________________

| In a historic moment for Ethiopia's cultural heritage, the Institute of Ethiopian Studies (IES) is officially established today to preserve, explore, and celebrate the rich annals of Ethiopian civilization, history, cultures, and languages. Located within the confines of the Gännäta Le’ul (Eng: Princely Paradise Palace), this institution opens its doors to scholars, researchers, and the public with a mission to foster a deeper understanding of Ethiopia's past and present. The Gännäta Le’ul, constructed in 1934 as a residence of Emperor Haile Selassie and his family, now stands as the Institute's headquarters. The second floor, once housing the Emperor's private chambers and study, has been transformed into the Ethnological Museum, offering a glimpse into the imperial life and historical artifacts of Ethiopia. The Institute's inaugural co-directors, Richard Pankhurst and Zewde Gebre-Sellassie, expressed their enthusiasm for the IES's mission. They emphasize the importance of preserving Ethiopia's unique cultural heritage for generations to come and fostering international collaboration in the field of Ethiopian Studies. |

| The Research and Publication Unit within IES will be at the forefront of scholarly exploration. They are set to publish conference proceedings, museum catalogues, reference works, and the Journal of Ethiopian Studies (JES), which was founded this year. The journal, publishing in both English and Amharic, promises to be a valuable resource for researchers worldwide. The IES museum boasts a permanent collection in anthropology, art, ethnomusicology, numismatics (the study of coinage), and philately (the study of postage stamps). It proudly houses objects dating back to the early Axumite period, offering a journey through Ethiopia's ancient, diverse history and culture. The IES Library is dedicated to Ethiopian Studies in the humanities and social sciences. With its rare publications and manuscripts in Ge’ez, Amharic, Oromiffa, Tigrinya, and other Ethiopian languages, the library stands as a bastion of knowledge. Its manuscript restoration laboratory diligently preserves texts dating back to the thirteenth century, ensuring their longevity. The IES Library holds the theses and dissertations of university students related to Ethiopian Studies, encouraging the growth of academic exploration within Ethiopia. The six departments within the library, including the Foreign Languages Department and the Woldämäskäl Memorial Research Center, aim to facilitate research and promote the dissemination of knowledge.|

|In a momentous occasion, Emperor Haile Selassie I addressed a gathering of scholars, dignitaries, and the Ethiopian public on the establishment of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies.|

╒═════════════════════════════════════════════════════

[list]

“Today marks a significant milestone in our nation's journey through time. The establishment of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies heralds a new era of cultural preservation and academic exploration. Ethiopia's history is written not only in stone and parchment but also in the hearts and minds of its people.

This Institute stands as a beacon, illuminating the path towards a deeper understanding of our past, present, and future. It is our duty to safeguard the invaluable treasures of our civilization, from the Axumite period to this present day, and to share them with the world.

Ethiopia's diverse cultures and languages are threads that weave the tapestry of our nation. Let this Institute be a bridge between our rich heritage and the global community, fostering collaboration, exchange, and mutual respect.

As we embark on this journey of discovery, let us remember that knowledge is a force that transcends borders and brings people together. With the Institute of Ethiopian Studies as our guide, we embark on a quest to unearth the hidden gems of our history and celebrate the beauty of our culture.

May this institution serve as a testament to our commitment to preserving Ethiopia's heritage and enriching the world's understanding of our beloved nation. Let it stand as a symbol of unity, knowledge, and the enduring spirit of Ethiopia.”

━ HIS MAJESTY, NEGUSA NAGAST, EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE I

[/list]

╘═════════════════════════════════════════════════════

| Amid chants of "Bring Our Heritage Home" and waving the Ethiopian flag, some activists a peaceful yet passionate demonstration, calling for the return of invaluable Ethiopian manuscripts and the renowned Maqdala collection. The protesters, comprised of students, scholars, and concerned citizens, came together to shed light on the pressing issue of cultural repatriation. The protest outside the British Embassy was characterized by its peaceful nature, with protesters holding signs and banners that read, "Cultural Justice Now" and "Ethiopia's Heritage Belongs in Ethiopia." Demonstrators delivered speeches emphasizing the historical significance of these artifacts and the importance of cultural repatriation. |

📝 Subject: The Purpose and Vision of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies (IES)[list][sub]To: All Upper Staff[/sub][/list]

[list]➠ The Institute of Ethiopian Studies was established with a profound mission - to untie Ethiopians, to make them feel as if they were a common people. Our purpose is to celebrate the diverse cultural and historical elements that make Ethiopia the extraordinary nation it is. We aim to create an environment where Ethiopians from all walks of life can come together to explore, appreciate, and celebrate our shared heritage.[/list]

The IES is not merely an academic institution; it stands as an unwavering sentinel of unity and comprehension amidst the intricate fabric of Ethiopia's diverse cultures, languages, and histories. We recognize that Ethiopia's past has been marred by periods of ethnic and religious strife, and while our foremost mission remains the promotion of education and understanding, we cannot turn a blind eye to these historical realities. We shall not, under any circumstances, be construed as attempting to cleanse history of its darker chapters. Instead, our pursuit is one of equilibrium, highlighting the resilience, sagacity, and harmonious coexistence that has, at times, characterized our history. We will simply belittle the gravity of these conflicts. In our relentless quest for unity, let us not forget those valiant peacemakers and mediators from epochs past. They, who played pivotal roles in quelling disputes and fostering reconciliation among disparate ethnic and religious factions, are indelible threads in the tapestry of our heritage. Their contributions are sacrosanct, and we shall continue to exalt them within our narratives. However, there are other narratives, especially narratives that condone Ethiopia's history in a negative way. These narratives corrode our way as a common people, while we will acknowledge some negative aspects, it is important to soften the blow of some of these tragedies. This is not whitewashing, as whitewashing induces the complete wipeout of negative aspects of our history, our mission is merely to nurture patriotism and unity in our nation. Henceforth, all future publications, exhibitions, and any educational or informational materials must garner the unerring approval of the IES Directorate Council, subject to our newly-established Unity criteria. Detailed guidelines shall be dispatched to your offices in due time. It should be known that any deviation from these standards will be deemed unpatriotic and met with dire repercussions. We appreciate your dedication to this noble cause and anticipate the remarkable strides we will collectively undertake. Let this serve as a solemn reminder of the gravity of our mission.

[list][list][list][sub]Sincerely, The IES Directory council.[/sub][/list][/list][/list]

[list][sub]“He who controls the past controls the future.”[/sub]

[list]― 1984, George Orwell

[/list][/list]

____________________________________________________________

[list][spoiler=[sub]𝑺𝑼𝑩𝑳𝑰𝑴𝑬 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑶𝑴𝑶𝑵𝑰𝑪 𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑻𝑬

𝑪𝑶𝑴𝑴𝑶𝑵𝑾𝑬𝑨𝑳𝑻𝑯 𝑶𝑭 𝑳𝑰𝑩𝑬𝑹𝑻𝒀[/sub]]

Abessinienreich

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[/spoiler]

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[list][list][list][pre]STATUS CIVITATIS VATICANAE

VATICAN CITY STATE

THE HOLY SEE[/pre][/list]

______

SECRETARY OF STATE OF HIS HOLINESS: POPE JOHN XXIII DELIVERS ENCYCLICAL CALLING FOR WORLD PEACE AND GLOBAL ORDER

[sub]VATICAN CITY | ROME, APRIL MCMLXIII[/sub][/list]

[sub]| SECRETARIUS STATUS SANCTITATIS SUAE - | Last January, Pope John XXIII suggested a new encyclical on world peace to a group of Vatican staff members, saying, [I]"Let us say what we are for rather than what we are against."[/I] It was a valid point as far too many papal statements in the past were critical and finger-wagging. Work on the eighth encyclical of his pontificate moved quickly; maybe as a result of John's advice to think positively, the Pope was delighted with the initial draft and only needed to add a few of his own flourishes.[/sub]

[sub]The 15,000-word statement was signed by Pope John XXIII last week and published under the Latin title Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth). It is the first papal document to address "all men of good will," as well as the bishops and members of the Roman Catholic Church. The theme of Pacem in Terris is order, and the encyclical itself is an adequately clear and logical text, describing his strategy for achieving world peace. Pope John makes extensive use of two ideas central to Catholic theology: natural law, which refers to man's God-given, innate understanding of right and wrong, and right reason, which describes how man applies this understanding to specific circumstances. According to the Pope, man may observe how order might be achieved in interpersonal interactions with the help of these tools.[/sub]

[sub]It is essential to start with the understanding that "every human being is a person endowed with intelligence and free will." As a result, man is granted certain unalienable rights, including the right to life, liberty, the freedom to peaceful assembly and association, the right to "free initiative in the economic field," a just wage, and appropriate living conditions. He even has a right to unfiltered news, which entitles him to "truthful information about public events." Pacem in Terris also asserts that "every human being has the right to honor God in accordance with the dictates of an upright conscience, and therefore the right to worship God in private and in public," making it one of the most forceful papal statements in history on religious freedom. In proportion to their rights, these obligations also exist. Every man's right to life is correlated with his duty to protect it, his right to a good standard of living with his duty to live it decently, and his right to freely pursue the truth with his duty to actively seek it out and acquire it. Man must therefore uphold his peers' rights and work together with them to establish "a well-ordered, beneficial" political community.[/sub]

[sub]Only a free society with a government of, by, and for the people can allow for the proper exercise of rights and obligations. In those cases where the civic power employs "threats and fear of punishment or promises of rewards, it cannot move men to promote the common good of all." In addition, an oppressive government cannot claim that its citizens are loyal to it because "it follows that if civil authorities legislate for or allow anything that is contrary to that order and therefore contrary to the law of God, neither the laws made nor the authorizations granted can be binding on the conscience of the citizens." Civil power must uphold the rights of minorities while acting on behalf of its residents, ensuring that everyone is treated equally under the law, and impartially delivering necessities like public health and education. It cannot unfairly thwart a person's attempts to improve their position in life. "State activity in the economic field, no matter how broad or deep, ought not to be exercised in such a way as to curtail a person's freedom of personal initiative." Despite the fact that there is no one "most suitable form of government," natural law demands of all political systems that "government officials be chosen in compliance with constitutional procedures and perform their specific functions within the limits of the law."[/sub]

[sub]The same moral code that regulates interpersonal relationships also applies to international interactions, which should be based on justice and truth. The "personal dignity" of citizens and "the very law of their being, which is the moral law," cannot be abandoned by citizens who work for governments. Therefore, nations must eradicate "every trace of racism," give up their colonial aspirations, and provide for ethnic minorities and political refugees. All nations should settle their differences by diplomacy rather than conflict, and wealthy nations have a responsibility to help the less fortunate. Considering that "people live in constant fear lest the storm which every moment threatens should break upon them." Above all, world leaders need to address the issue of disarmament. "The armaments race must end immediately, as demanded by justice, good reason, and humanity. That the stockpiles that are present across different nations should be eliminated evenly and at once. That a ban on nuclear weapons is necessary."[/sub]

[sub]National economies are linked, and the peace and security of one country inevitably depend upon the peace and security of all countries as a result of the great scientific and technological advancements of the 20th century. New political tools might be required in this new era, especially "a public authority having worldwide power and endowed with the proper means for the efficacious pursuit of the universal common good in concrete form." The U.N. may possibly serve as the foundation for this global government, which shouldn't supplant or restrict the independence of current political entities. "It is our sincere hope that the United Nations Organization will one day be able to effectively protect every human being's rights, which flow directly from his or her dignity as a person, and that it will grow in proportion to the importance and dignity of the tasks it is charged with." |[/sub][/list]

[list]______[/list]

[list][list][pre]Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto,

Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in sæcula sæculorum. Amen.[/pre][/list][/list]

[list][spoiler=[sub]𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐄

𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐘[/sub]]

Abessinienreich

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Andorra-

Arcanda

Batallon De Dignidad

Bhaarat Lok

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Holy Vatican City States

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Los Estados Unidos De Suramerica

Ma-Li

Mayel Lyang

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Monaco-

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Republica De Cuba-

Republican Irishmen

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Tallahan

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Paseo, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, Monaco-, Andorra-, Cheezaslovakia, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

[pre]" H E I A S A F A R I "[/pre]

[sub]| The GDR's civil society mobilizes to support revolutionary Nigeria, and the Ministry of Defence sends military advisors to Lagos. |

RELEVANT PING: Ngiera[/sub]

https://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=1930165

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Paseo, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, Cheezaslovakia, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

[list][list]MAY 1963[/list]

[list][list]SARAH CHEGA AO MALI PARA VISITA DE ESTADO

[pre]SARAH ARRIVES IN MALI FOR STATE VISIT[/pre][/list][/list]

[pre] O R D E M E P R O G R E S S O [/pre]

BAMAKO, Ma-Li — AFTERNOON

[sub]PRESIDENTIAL RESIDENCE[/sub]

| Flying over the Atlantic Ocean, in the presidential plane, Brazil’s head of state SARAH KUBITSCHEK, dressed in a colorful traditional African dress, is leaning back in her chair, wearing glasses, reading a document that contains all the information about the current Malian President — Brazil has decided to establish diplomatic relations for the first time with Mali. Only two African nations have received a visit from a Brazilian leader and they are Zaire and Sudan. Brazil’s government is confident that SARAH’s trip to Mali will be a success, she hopes to attract Malian businessmen to invest in Brazil. |

[list]| SARAH KUBITSCHEK, [sub]President of the Republic[/sub] | “If Mali gives us investors, we will also give Mali investors.”[/list]

| A few hours later, the Brazilian presidential plane finally lands on the sand-covered runway at Bamako Airport, President KUBITSCHEK comes down the stairs and is received by President MODIBO KEITA and other authorities of Mali’s Government. Her husband, Brazil’s First Gentleman, who had already visited Sudan and Zaire, opted to stay in Brazil and checked into a luxury hotel in Rio de Janeiro, all at government expense. SARAH insisted that she did not need an interpreter because she was fluent in French. She also studied some of the local native language, N’ko, during the flight. |

[list]| SARAH KUBITSCHEK, [sub]President of the Republic[/sub] | “Pardonnez-moi, mais je n’ai pas parlé français depuis longtemps.”

| MODIBO KEITA , [sub]Malian President[/sub] | “Votre français est parfait . . . Bienvenue au Mali, Madame la Présidente.”

| SARAH KUBITSCHEK, [sub]President of the Republic[/sub] | “Merci.”[/list]

| The two heads of state walk side by side towards a black car accompanied by their delegations. On the way to the Presidential Palace, SARAH rolled down the car window and gently waved to the citizens of Bamako. Arriving at the seat of Mali’s executive power, SARAH was taken to the garden and the two leaders sat in front of a beautiful wooden table. Brazil announced that it would establish strong trade with Mali and that it would encourage Brazilian private investors to invest in Mali’s infrastructure. Of course, this would only be done if Mali agreed to send its investors to Brazil and, fortunately, Mali’s President agreed. After the meeting, the two Presidents left the garden accompanied by their security guards. In front of the local press, the two shook hands. Before returning to the airport, Sarah thanked the President and people of Mali for the warm welcome. |

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Paseo, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Holy Vatican City States, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, Monaco-, Andorra-, Tallahan, Ma-Li

Danube Unity: Iron Gates Dam Inauguration Marks Historic Yugoslav-Romanian Partnership

[sub]May 1963, Central Committee of The Communist Party of Romania, Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania[/sub]

| On a sun-kissed morning, the banks of the majestic Danube came alive with an air of anticipation. The Romanian and Yugoslav delegations, along with their revered leaders, had gathered for this momentous occasion. Among them stood Comrade Constantin Rotaru, the General Secretary of The Communist Party of Romania, President of The Presidium of The Great National Assembly, President of The Socialist Republic of Romania, Supreme Commander of The People's Army, "The Genius of The Carpathians." His unwavering dedication to the cause of socialism had earned him the adoration of the Romanian people.

| As the ceremony commenced, Comrade Josip Broz Tito, the charismatic leader of Yugoslavia, stood alongside Comrade Rotaru. Their camaraderie was a testament to the solidarity between their nations. The Iron Gates Dam, an engineering marvel of its time, represented not only a feat of technology but also a symbol of the cooperation and mutual support between these two socialist states.

| The inauguration ceremony was a grand spectacle, with thousands of citizens from both nations gathered to witness the momentous event. Folk dancers and musicians from both sides of the border performed in harmony, showcasing the rich cultural tapestry of the region. The flags of Romania and Yugoslavia flew side by side, casting a vivid display of unity and shared purpose.

| His Excellency, Comrade Rotaru delivered a powerful speech, emphasizing the significance of the dam not just as a source of hydroelectric power but as a symbol of the bright future that socialism promised to all its citizens. He spoke passionately about the friendship between the two nations, bound together by common ideals and aspirations. Comrade Tito echoed these sentiments, highlighting the strength of the Yugoslav-Romanian partnership as a shining example of socialist cooperation in the COMECON and on the world stage. Together, they unveiled a plaque commemorating the historic day, cementing their commitment to progress, solidarity, and peace.

| The historic inauguration of the Iron Gates Dam was not merely a celebration of engineering prowess; it was a celebration of friendship, cooperation, and the unwavering commitment of these two nations to the ideals of socialism. The world watched in awe as the Iron Gates Dam cast its reflection on the tranquil waters of the Danube, a beacon of hope and progress for all who shared in its promise.

[sub]| The Iron Gates Dam is a concrete gravity dam which serves the purpose of providing energy independence to Yugoslavia and The Socialist Republic of Romania. With a height of 29m, length of 1099m and a capacity of approximately 2,088 megawatts (MW), it makes it one of the largest hydroelectric power stations in Europe. The dam has 12 hydroelectric generators, powering the huge construction and supplying electricity to The Socialist Republic of Romania and Yugoslavia. |[/sub]

[sub]Trăiască Partidul Comunist Român în frunte cu al său secretar general, tovarășul Constantin Rotaru![/sub]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Ababemba

Adriatican Islands

Alzarikstan

Amsterwald

Anglo Channel

Arcanda

Bayern Kahla

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Canovia

Cascadla

Central Arstotzka

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Hashemite Kingdoms

Hatzburg

Honghai

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

La Granadinas

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Moroavia

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Nonador

Nosautempopulus

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Reyzen

Rutannia

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sri-Lanka

Sudesam

Taiiwan

Teymour

The Black Star-

The Sun States

Turkiye 1St

Ubertica

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Paseo, Pontianus, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, Cheezaslovakia, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

[list]1963년 05월 06일

[sub]Park Announces Dam Projects[/sub][/list]

[list][sub]Korea Strives For Energy Independence[/sub][/list]

[sub]SEOUL, Rutannia — AFTERNOON[/sub]

| Korean Prime Minister, Park Chung-hee, addressed an audience of business leaders and journalists on a visit to the Cheongpyeong Dam outside Seoul. The Prime Minister along with the Minister for Energy announced plans to create the Korea Electric Company through the integration of the Korea Electric Power Company and two distribution companies, Gyeongsung Electric Company and the South Pyeongan Electric Company. The new Korea Electric Company would become a wholly government body under the control of the Ministry of Commerce, Park emphasised that this was a move to better regulate prices in the industry and provide a better service to consumers, and that private enterprise in the energy sector was still perfectly legal but regulated by the Electricity Regulatory Committee. |

| Further on in the speech Park announced the beginning of a dam building project that would be multifaceted in its nature. The main feature of all dams would be to provide hydro-electric power to Korea, the secondary purpose would be to control flooding and the flow of the rivers in question, several initial sites have been outlined with a committee established to further identify other sites for the second phase of the project. In phase one three sites are in the south, the remaining site in the north. The Prime Minister stated it was his ambition to construct further dams on the Yalu River, but that required working with the People's Republic of China, which Korea does not recognise. The phase one sites are listed as follow; |[list]

[*] Soyang River - six miles northeast of Chuncheon

[*] Geum River - ten miles north of Daejeon

[*] Nakdong River - two miles east of Andong

[*] Taedong River - in the City of Nampo[/list]

| The four initial sites outlined would constitute phase one of the project with the Soyang River site to be the first to begin construction in the next two years, aiming to be completed by 1970. The Soyang River Dam or the Soyang Dam would be an embankment dam used for controlling flood waters; creating a water supply and providing hydro-electric power to the region. The initial plans list the dam at 123 metres tall and 530 metres in length with the expected capacity of the reservoir in the region of 3,000,000,000 m3, the water would then be fed to the power station which would have three Francis type water turbines. |

| The most ambitious of the phase one dams is the Taedong River Dam, or the Nampo Sea Gate; as the name suggests it would close the river off from the Yellow Sea, with the aim of generating power for the region; stopping seawater intrusion into the freshwater generating more water supply and improving irrigation in the region. The sea gate is currently in the initial planning phase; but outline sketches suggest the system of dams would total five miles in length over all with a series of lock systems and sluices to allow ships to continue passing through. The dam would be the last constructed in phase one, although to save face Park suggested that Nampo would be phase 1.5 rather than part of the initial phase. |

| The Prime Minister further outlined that he expected phase one of the project to be finished by the middle of the next decade with phase two to begin by the beginning of the 1980s, and the framework would be enshrined in the National Assembly. Park also made clear that all dams would be subject to an environmental impact study, following the outcry from Iraq over Kurdistan’s construction of a dam, the impacts would be published in the government records, but insisted energy independence was vital for Korea’s future, and that recommendations were merely that, recommendations. |

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Arcanda, Paseo, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

Steps on Road to future

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

[list][sup]Baghdad, Hashemite Arab Federation[/list][/sup]

[list][sup]9 May 1963[/list][/sup]

[sup]Based on the orders of the King of Yemen to his brother, Emir Abdullah bin Ahmad (currently studying law at the University of Baghdad), the Emir searched for an expert in economics and political science. At the end of his search, he found the most important expert in economics and political science, Professor Omr al-Kilani, who also teaches at the University of Baghdad, after their meeting, they agreed to travel to Beirut the next day to meet the King of Yemen, where he is attending the Arab League summit.[/sup]

[list][sup]Beirut, Lebanon[/list][/sup]

[list][sup]10 May 1963[/list][/sup]

[sup]The next day, Emir Abdullah, accompanied by Professor Omr al-Kilani, arrived at the residence of the King of Yemen in Beirut, where the King offered the professor to be his advisor and obtain a job as a minister in the Kingdom of Yemen, in order to benefit from his experiences in developing the Kingdom, The professor agreed to be the advisor to the King of Yemen.[/sup]

[sup]It seems that King Muhammad al-Badr is determined to carry out a major reform and development process in Yemen, after his agreement with the Emir of Kuwait to invest in developing the port of Hodeidah, which is the only natural port in Yemen, It is one of the most important pillars of the Yemeni economy, as it is the port for export.[/sup]

[list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler][/list]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Paseo, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, East Germany Ddr, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

[pre]| MAY PEUT 1963 |[/pre]

[list][list][list][pre]CAR ★ THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka KTB

République centrafricaine RCF |[/pre][/list][/list][/list]

THE PEOPLE’S RESOURCE:

DACKO ATTEMPTS TO END THE DIAMOND MONOPOLY IN THE YOUNG REPUBLIC!

LA RESSOURCE POPULAIRE :

DACKO TENTE DE METTRE FIN AU MONOPOLE DU DIAMANT DANS LA JEUNE RÉPUBLIQUE !

[pre]| The number one export of The Central African Republic had long since been the precious diamond. Concessionary Companies held a strict monopoly over the mining of Diamonds in the Young Republic. David Dacko looked to end this monopoly upheld by foreigner’s and elites and set to pass a law only the mining of diamonds by any citizen of the Central African Republic. Dacko would express the need to uplift every Central African and empower them with the wealth that Europeans had for centuries. |[/pre]

[pre]| Violence would inevitably break in the diamond heavy regions between the Mining Companies security and civilian miners in the region leading to the death of ten civilians near the village of Dongo. Outrage over this incident was quelled relatively quickly by Dacko citing the incident as just growing pains and suppressing civilians from taking further action against the companies. Knowing he still needs to appease the foreigners in The Central African Republic. The two faces of Dacko increasingly being pulled opposite from each other. |[/pre]

[list][list][pre]UNITY, DIGNITY, WORK[/pre][/list][/list]

[list][list][pre]UNITÉ, DIGNITÉ, TRAVAIL[/pre][/list][/list]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Paseo, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

[list][sub]THE ETHIOPIAN EMPIRE | መንግሥተ ኢትዮጵያ[/sub]

[list][list]May 1963[/list][/list]

[list][sub]Ethiopia Stretches Her Hands unto God | ኢትዮጵያ ታበፅዕ እደዊሃ ኀበ እግዚአብሔር[/sub][/list]

𝐀𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚 𝐇𝐚𝐥𝐥, 𝐀𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐬 𝐀𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐚 - | - 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐀𝐔 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞

____________________________________________________________

| In a historic gathering that marks a significant milestone in the name of African unity and independence, the First Conference of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) has started in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Over the course of a week, leaders and delegates from across the African continent will convene to address critical issues, foster cooperation, and chart a new path for the continent's future. The conference, which will begin on May 22, will expect the attendance of representatives from 8 independent African nations, who will come together to discuss a wide range of topics, including decolonization, territorial integrity, and economic development.|

[list]➠ Ethiopia, as the host country of the Organization of African Unity Conference, envisions the OAU as a critical platform for fostering cooperation among African nations. Ethiopia's hope for the OAU is to see it serve as a catalyst for the continent's development, peace, and prosperity. By nurturing a collaborative spirit, Ethiopia aims to see the OAU become a driving force behind Africa's socio-economic transformation. Ultimately, Ethiopia's vision is for the OAU to be a beacon of hope and progress, embodying the ideals of Pan-Africanism and continental solidarity.[/list]

╒═════════════════════════════════════════════════════

[list]

“This is indeed a momentous and historic day for Africa and for all Africans. We stand today on the stage of world affairs before the audience of world opinion. We have come together to assert our role in the direction of world affairs and to discharge our duty to the great continent...

Africa is today at midcourse, in transition from the Africa of Yesterday to the Africa of Tomorrow. Even as we stand here, we move from the past into the future. The task, on which we have embarked, the making of Africa, will not wait. We must act, to shape and mould the future and leave our imprint on events as they slip pass through history...”

━ EXCERPT OF HIS MAJESTY'S OPENING SPEECH, THE NEGUSA NAGAST, EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE I

[/list]

╘═════════════════════════════════════════════════════

| Located in the heart of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the Africa Hall Building stands as a symbol of Pan-Africanism, Ethiopian expertise, diplomacy, and unity. This iconic structure, nestled within the premises of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), holds a special place in the vast city of Addis Ababa, being not so far from Menelik Palace. The building is envisioned to serve as a testament to Africa's commitment to prosperity, cooperation, and shared development. Officially inaugurated on February 6, 1961, was conceived as a response to the growing need for a dedicated venue to host important continental and international gatherings, discussions, and conferences. The Hall is adorned with Afewerk Tekle's stained-glass art, showcasing three windows that represent the sorrow of Africa's past, the struggle of the present, and hope for Africa's future. |

[list][sub]“When spiders unite, they can tie down a lion.”[/sub]

[list]― Ethiopian Proverb

[/list][/list]

____________________________________________________________

[list][spoiler=[sub]𝑺𝑼𝑩𝑳𝑰𝑴𝑬 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑶𝑴𝑶𝑵𝑰𝑪 𝑺𝑻𝑨𝑻𝑬

𝑪𝑶𝑴𝑴𝑶𝑵𝑾𝑬𝑨𝑳𝑻𝑯 𝑶𝑭 𝑳𝑰𝑩𝑬𝑹𝑻𝒀[/sub]]

Abessinienreich

Adriatican Islands

Allbania

Al-Jammahirya Al-Arabiyya

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Andorra-

Arcanda

Batallon De Dignidad

Bhaarat Lok

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Holy Vatican City States

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Los Estados Unidos De Suramerica

Ma-Li

Mayel Lyang

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Monaco-

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Republica De Cuba-

Republican Irishmen

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Tallahan

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Paseo, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

Post self-deleted by Paseo.

| ZAIREAN GAME OF THRONES BEGINS |

[sub]May, 1963[/sub]

| Since 1960, the Zairean state has made incredible progress within its economic sphere, social and political life. The Zairean economy has become of the largest in Africa, and with continuous foreign investments from the likes of the United States, France and Great Britain, the Zairean economy is now exporting its products worldwide. The database indicators suggest that the quality of life in Zaire has improved massively since 1953 in the fields of healthcare, education, welfare, economy, infrastructure and employment. According to the indicators, the average access to a doctor has improved by over ninety-two percent in urban areas and sixty-two percent in the countryside. Since 1953, more than eighty-percent of the Zairean population has been vaccinated due to the 1960 compulsory vaccination program. Since 1953, twenty-four new hospitals have been built, one-hundred and two clinics, eighty-four dentist clinics and sixty-four opticians had appeared around the country. Over ninety-two percent of smaller villages are now linked up to the travelling doctors program, where the villages are visited once a month by a doctor and or/nurse staff for regular check ups.

The education levels have increased by over ninety-four percent since 1953, with now more than ninety-two percent of children aged between 6 and 18 being in education around the country. The infrastructure has expanded exceptionally high, linking most of the smaller villages to nearby town schools and high schools. The levels of attendance to Career Schools has rose up by sixty-percent, and those going to universities has expanded by nearly fifty-three percent. Those aged between 36 and 52 are now in nearly eighty-three percent educated to do a professional job. The free education schemes have enabled thousands of children and young adults to access education. In addition, the rapid expansion of Zairean railways and roads have allowed major cities, towns and smaller villages to be linked up, allowing a larger quantity of people to move freely around the country.

The incredible progress in the economy since 1953, has allowed the unemployment rate to be the lowest in Zairean history, in 1953 it was around fifteen percent, now it is around three percent. Secondly, the employment status of those employed and their security and protection of rights has been highly improved since 1953, allowing workers a real living wage, a limited working week, more time for leisure and more time for their families. The welfare of the people has also improved, with the unemployment back to work schemes, disability allowances, and parenthood benefits raising up by twenty-percent in their value to those receiving them. The economy itself has become one of the largest in Africa, and continues to grow as Zairean resources are now reaching the likes of Japan, Romania and Israel, amidst its usual Western partners. Giving Zairean companies a real opportunity for growth and expansion.

However, as the economic and social situation in the country grows in a rapidly quick and bold speed, the political situation in Zaire has become growingly complicated, with some of the media dubbing the current campaign year as the "Game of Thrones of Zaire". Why? For two simple reasons. Reason number one, the campaign year is proving very difficult for current First Representative, Celine Merkazi, as her party the National Liberal Revival Movement is breaking up with inner ideological conflict, allowing other groups within the country to use the NLRM weakeness to strengthen their own campaign. And secondly, the Matriarch of Zaire, Gloria Banza, is finding it rapidly difficult to find a solution for the Tribal Council Meetings, in which larger demands are being made against her by the tribal leaders in terms of larger sovereignty on their lands and in their villages. Banza has to contend with Okoro and Besuri, two major tribal leaders from the South ( Okoro ) and Besuri ( East ). Merkazi, on the other hand, has to contend with Aburu, the leader of the Zaire Democratic Reform Party and Okombi, the leader of Freedom & Future Movement. The ZRFP stems from centre-right conservatism, economic liberalism and ties with the Zairean clergy who are becoming increasingly desperate for power. Okombi, on the other hand stems from left-wing progressivism, economic libertarianism and her ties with the Socialistic world tend to be far more open than of the rest of the candidates.

The power game of 1963 will be one to watch in Zaire, as the elections are coming up in July, and the next Council Meeting of the Tribal Leaders is set for September, giving Zaireans much to observe. However, foreign observers are also visible, with much to be gained and much to be potentially lost. |

[spoiler="I will not give into the tyranny of the few over the lives of the many..." - Matriarch of Zaire, Gloria Banza]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

[list][list][list][pre]RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE

FRENCH BUREAUCRACY

MINISTÈRE DES OUTRE-MER[/pre][/list]

______

MINISTRY OF THE OVERSEAS: DE GAULLE PUTS RENEWED FOCUS ON OVERSEAS DÉPARTEMENTS WHICH MAY BRIGHTEN FRANCE'S FUTURE

[sub]VTH REPUBLIC | PARIS, MAY 1963[/sub][/list]

[sub]| HELM OF L'EMPIRE, MINISTÈRE DES OUTRE-MER - | Last week, Michel Debré, the former premier of France, hurried back to the forefront of French politics after a humiliating exile. Debré, who had been forced from office by President Charles de Gaulle in 1962 and had been succeeded by Georges Pompidou, appeared to have been permanently cast into the background until last November, when he ran as a candidate for the National Assembly in a supposedly safe district and was soundly defeated by a local garage owner despite a French Social Party landslide.[/sub]

[sub]Debré was adamant to give it another shot, even though he had to fly 6,000 miles to the tiny, volcanic rock in the Indian Ocean held by France known as Réunion Island, where a by-election provided him with a second chance to run for the Assembly. Debré, who was stern and exacting, took no chances. He flew to Saint-Denis, the département's capital, and launched a vigorous campaign there, having 70 meetings over the course of three humid, sweating weeks. Debré defeated his unlucky rival 30,908 to 7,365, as was confidently expected, in part because to the Réunion strategy known as the "promenade," in which opposition voters are transported ineffectively from polling location to polling location while being informed at each that they are not registered there. De Gaulle now sees Debré more favorably than he did when he was premier a year ago. According to waggish Parisian commentary, Pompidou was like a mistress that De Gaulle enjoyed seeing but who lost a lot of his charms when he became la légitime, or wife. If De Gaulle grants the anticipated approval, which Michel Debré hopes to receive, he will assume leadership of the Parti Social Français overseas département faction in the Assembly and use his unquestionable talents to address the party's recent stride towards investing in overseas départements and the few colonies which France still controls. [/sub]

[sub]It has been over 20 years since France initially started investing and exploring the resourceful overseas département of French Guiana. Drastic administrative reform was inaugurated by Governor Bouge in 1931. Geographical surveys showed heavy traces of gold, silver, lead, and copper. Also discovered were relatively large phosphate deposits and valuable rosewood forests. However French Guiana at the time was still known as France's penal colony. Therefor young Frenchmen hesitated to go there and colonize. Thus the French government at the time decreed that no longer would French convicts be shipped to French Guiana and instead vast efforts would be launched to develop the sparsely populated French exclave. From 1931 to 1935 shiploads of French colonial laborers were sent to French Guiana and concentrated in camps were they were tasked to build roads and cantonments. The spreading 'South American Gold Rush' made its way to French Guiana after the Columbus Mining S.A. discovered and assessed a new large-scale gold deposit alongside 3 of Newmont Gold Groupe's equally sizable deposits. The new Columbus gold deposit is said to hold approximately 26,000 tonnes of gold. The other 3 deposits controlled by Newmont have a combined total of 90,000 tonnes of gold. While the gold rush has had a somewhat late arrival to French Guiana, the territory has become one of the most lucrative locations on the continent, even beating out the neighboring territories of Suriname and Guyana. The French Government has moved to invest heavily in the mining of the gold in French Guiana alongside large deposits of cobalt, bauxite, diamonds, lead, copper, silver, and platinum. The total value of French Guiana's mineral deposits remains undetermined, however France's dependence on external imports of such minerals exist only for surplus reasons. The French Government has pledged to reinvest a percentage of the earnings from the gold back into French Guiana. Apart from the material resource riches, Guiana also possesses a large agriculture sector with livestock farming, fishing, sugar, cocoa, bananas, and other fruits and vegetable being the primary industries.[/sub]

[sub]Construction on a number of infrastructure projects in French Guiana were launched between 1933 up to present day in hopes of boosting the growing economy of the overseas territory. The vast expansion of Port Vieux in Cayenne and the building of a completely new port in Kourou is finally completed after more than 15 years. The expansion of harbor facilities promises to facilitate the further exportation of minerals and other resources out of French Guiana. Construction of Adolphe Brezet Airport to the Southeast of Cayenne between Route de Remire and Route des Plages will also increase the number of visitors and flow of airborne cargo. The new airport will be substantially closer to the city as the smaller and less efficient Félix Eboué Airport is just over 17 kilometres from the actual capital city of Cayenne itself. Perhaps the largest of the new infrastructure projects is the construction of the Cayenne Nuclear Power Plant located at the mouth of the Cayenne and Montsinéry Rivers. Due to French Guiana's small population it will only produce up to 1,000 KW of power which is by far more than enough for the 360,000 people who currently live there. The surplus power will be sold to neighboring countries such as Brazil. The Cayenne Nuclear Power Plant will employ French standards and protocols in addition to the clean disposal and recycling of nuclear waste. It is hoped that building the plant will encourage the use of clean energy and environmentally safe energy practices by other countries in the South American region. The French rail company SNCF has completed railways in French Guiana leading from Cayenne and branching out towards Brazil and Suriname which brings in additional transportation methods with heavy rail cars and engines. The French Government hopes to boost French Guiana's economy significantly and have over 1 million citizens living there within the next few decades.[/sub]

[sub]The development of France's Space Program is set for an expansion in French Guiana as well with a new Guiana Space Centre being constructed just northwest of Kourou. Kourou is conveniently located just 310 miles (500km) north of the equator, at a latitude of 5°. This will give French space rockets a slight boost during takeoff and cut down on fuel usage, thus giving the French Space Program a geographic and gravitational advantage. Much of that fuel used for rocket testing and space flight will be drilled and refined right in Kourou itself with the expansion of an existing refinery already there and the recent discovery and surveying of the offshore Tullow Oil Field which is part of the much larger Guyana Offshore Oil Basin. The Tullow Oil Field is of similar size to the Dutch and British Oil Field located off the coast of Suriname and Guyana. With a confirmed estimate conducted by offshore oil surveyors, the Tullow Oil Field is said to hold over 11 billion barrels of crude oil. Drilling permits have already been acquired by Total Oil S.A. as the French government is prepared to fully exploit the new discovery while also financing additional offshore surveys. |[/sub]

[list]______[/list]

[list][list][pre]VIVE LA RÉPUBLIQUE!

VIVE LA FRANCE!

VIVE L’EMPIRE![/pre][/list][/list]

[list][spoiler=[sub]𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐌

𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐘[/sub]]

Abessinienreich

Adriatican Islands

Allbania

Al-Jammahirya Al-Arabiyya

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Andorra-

Arcanda

Batallon De Dignidad

Bhaarat Lok

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Holy Vatican City States

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Los Estados Unidos De Suramerica

Ma-Li

Mayel Lyang

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Monaco-

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Republica De Cuba-

Republican Irishmen

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Tallahan

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Holy Vatican City States, Nileia, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Monaco-, Andorra-, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

Celebrating Romania's Heritage: "Cîntarea României" Inaugural Festival Enchants the Nation

[sub]June 1963, Central Committee of The Communist Party of Romania, Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania[/sub]

| In the radiant early June of 1963, The Socialist Republic of Romania came alive with the harmonious melodies and vibrant rhythms of the inaugural "Cîntarea României" festival, a grand celebration of Romanian culture and unity. Held in the heart of Bucharest, this spectacular event which was also televised brought together the entire nation in a joyous extravaganza that showcased the rich tapestry of Romanian heritage.

| The festival's grand opening was a breathtaking display of traditional Romanian folk dances. Dancers clad in vivid costumes, adorned with intricate embroidery and patterns, twirled and leaped across the stage. The audience was mesmerized by the graceful movements that told the stories of generations past, invoking a deep sense of pride.

| Throughout the festival, various artists from different corners of Romania shared their musical talents. From the enchanting Doine of the Carpathian Mountains, the fast paced Sîrba of Wallachia to the spirited rhythms of the Danube Delta Geamparale, the diversity of Romanian culture was on full display. Traditional instruments such as the pan flute, cimbalom, and accordion added depth to the performances, resonating with the hearts of the attendees.

| As the sun dipped below the horizon, the stage transformed, and the spotlight shifted to the mesmerizing world of "Muzică Uşoară Românească," Romanian Easy Music. A multitude of talented artists took to the stage, captivating the crowd with their soulful voices and heartfelt lyrics. These songs, both nostalgic and inspiring, stirred emotions and brought tears to the eyes of many in the audience.

| One of the festival's most notable moments was the heartfelt homage paid to His Excellency Constantin Rotaru, the General Secretary of The Communist Party of Romania, President of The Presidium of The Great National Assembly, President of The Socialist Republic of Romania, and Supreme Commander of The People's Army. His dedicated leadership and tireless efforts in advancing the nation were celebrated with enthusiasm, reverence and hope for the future.

[sub]| The festival "Cîntarea României" is set to become an annual festival in the Socialist Republic of Romania organized and sponsored by The Communist Party of Romania in a program of "Romanian Cultural Revolution", promoting national unity, traditional Romanian values and entertainment, while also serving as a festival to pay tribute to the nation`s Patriarch, The Genius of The Carpathians, Constantin Rotaru, General Secretary of The Communist Party of Romania, President of The Presidium of The Great National Assembly, President of The Socialist Republic of Romania, Supreme Commander of The People's Army, beloved and esteemed son of all Romanian people. |[/sub]

[sub]Trăiască Partidul Comunist Român în frunte cu al său secretar general, tovarășul Constantin Rotaru![/sub]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Ababemba

Adriatican Islands

Alzarikstan

Amsterwald

Anglo Channel

Arcanda

Bayern Kahla

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Canovia

Cascadla

Central Arstotzka

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Hashemite Kingdoms

Hatzburg

Honghai

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

La Granadinas

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Moroavia

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Nonador

Nosautempopulus

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Reyzen

Rutannia

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sri-Lanka

Sudesam

Taiiwan

Teymour

The Black Star-

The Sun States

Turkiye 1St

Ubertica

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Pontianus, East Germany Ddr, Nileia, Anglo Channel, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Cheezaslovakia, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

[list][list]May 1963

[sub]Modernity Advances[/sub][/list]

[pre]I R A N[/pre]

THE SHAH’S REFORMS ONWARD

[sub]Anglo Channel[/sub]

[pre]A country’s king can never be at peace.

The fears and trials he faces never cease.

— The Persian Book of Kings[/pre]

[sub]The streets of Teheran erupted with irate cries once more. To engage in combat with the students, 2,000 workers assaulted the university grounds. Steel-helmeted police broke up a three-day walkout effort by religious leaders in the bustling bazaar. The social reforms of Iran's 43-year-old Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi, the monarch of kings, were the focus of all the passion. The Shah finally began taking land from Iran's feudal village owners and religious leaders and giving it to the peasants after years of delaying. He also ordered proprietors of companies to give workers a 20% cut of their profits.[/sub]

[sub]The idea was not well received by the Muslim mullahs, whose shrine lands were offered for lease to Iran's landless farmers. Following election fraud by the lawmakers, students protested the Shah's dissolution of the Majlis (parliament) and attempted to derail the royal land reform bill with 93 amendments. Since then, the Shah has been in power by order and has granted 50,000 peasant families in 3,500 villages access to 2,000,000 acres of private land in exchange for payment to the owners.[/sub]

[sub]It was a notable accomplishment for a king who had previously appeared ineffective and unable to quell the mounting unrest of Iran's impoverished masses. Few people could have predicted a decade ago that workers and farmers would be shouting his chants and waving his banners. However, they were there right before the important vote to decide whether or not the country would support his expansive plans to provide relief to impoverished Iranians in the countryside and in the cities. Women were granted the right to vote for the first time ever, equally excited, a record number of the country's poor people turned out to vote. The Shah predicted a resounding victory, and early results showed that his referendum was supported by an overwhelming 1,000 to 1 majority. Western observers question the validity of the results. The Shah's revelation that he was giving the last of his own royal territory, 3,500,000 acres on the Caviar Coast of the Caspian, to the Iranian state and away from the crown’s private portfolio, on the eve of elections undoubtedly contributed to the public's enthusiasm.[/sub]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, East Germany Ddr, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Greater Kurdistane, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

Post by Rmstitanic suppressed by Paramountica.

Rmstitanic

Britannic are you here yet its been like 89 minutes and u still not messaged

Britannic it looks like u are not in this region just come

RIGHT NOW AND YES RIGHT NOW

Post by Hmhsbritannic suppressed by Paramountica.

Hmhsbritannic

Rmstitanic wrote:Britannic are you here yet its been like 89 minutes and u still not messaged

Britannic it looks like u are not in this region just come

RIGHT NOW AND YES RIGHT NOW

IM HERE JEEZ

Post by Castlsa suppressed by Paramountica.

Castlsa

I am Rping

[list][list][sub]31.𝚇𝙸𝙸.1962[/sub]

[list][list][sub]RAPPORTO SULL'ATTENTATO AL SIGNORE ENRICO MATTEI DEL 27 OTTOBRE 1962[/sub]

REPORT ON THE ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT CONDUCTED ON MR. ENRICO MATTEI ON OCTOBER 27, 1962[/list]

[pre]EYES ONLY - S.I.F.A.R. - SECRETARY FOR COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE AND STATE SECURITY

BRIEF

---

On October 27, 1962, Enrico Mattei - Chairman of E.N.I. - avoided death as a an explosive device went off in his airplane, a jet Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris parked on the runway of Catania, Sicily. Mr. Mattei as well as the two other persons scheduled on the flight from Catania to Milan (Mr. Irnerio Bertuzzi, pilot, and Mr. William McHale, American journalist for the "Time-Life Magazine") were in the airport at the time of detonation. All were safely evacuated. The investigation, diligently conducted by the S.I.F.A.R. since that tragic date, has been hampered by several extra-normal events: 1) The disappearance of some debris before their collection by government agents; 2) several delays in the relay of information. Because of this, proper investigation of any bomb debris has been impossible, with the only certainty that the explosive device was placed in the landing gear of the jet. Eyewitnesses have so far not provided any useful testimony.

In the time since, public preoccupations with Mr. Mattei's fate and his own brand of paranoia has complicated matters. Indeed, S.I.F.A.R. investigators have been faced with an increasingly difficult cooperation in regards to the case, and Mr. Mattei as well as his private security have cut communications on December 20th, probably frustrated at the slow pace of the investigations. Mr. Mattei has made many enemies during his career, and as such, our investigations have given a three-tier list of possible culprits.[/pre]

[list][pre]HIGHEST SUSPICION : French Secret Services; French O.A.S. remnants; Italian or Italo-American organized crime.

MID-LEVEL SUSPICION : American C.I.A.

LOWEST SUSPICION : Other foreign services, politically-motivated domestic agitators — of communistic or fascistic tendencies — , covert operatives of Slovene, Yugoslav or Soviet origin.[/pre][/list]

[pre]The rationale for each entity listed in the former two categories can be found below.

It should be noted that those are only preliminary findings. S.I.F.A.R. does not formulate accusations and recommends against any action based on the theoretical origins of the perpetrators.

1) French Secret Services or French O.A.S.

Mr. Mattei having made several declarations in support of Algerian rebels has very good reason to anger the French; not to mention the aggressive strategies pursued by his company.

2) and 3) Organized crime and American C.I.A.

Due to the close diplomatic and military links between Rome and Washington, it is unlikely to see direct American intervention on Italian soil. However, any enmity could be solved by the timely intervention of Italo-American organized crime, whose varied networks run deep in both countries. It could be understood that through the so-called 'Mafia', the American government decided to eliminate or warn Mr. Mattei. Like the French, the Americans have reasons to be irate about Mr. Mattei and his numerous dealings with non-traditional trade partners or Middle-Eastern ones.

Unfortunately at the time of this brief, Your Excellency, we remain in a most obscure night. Until more evidence surfaces, it is unlikely that S.I.F.A.R.'s investigation into the assassination attempt conducted on Mr. Enrico Mattei on October 27, 1962, see any closure.[/pre][/list]

[list][list][list][spoiler=[sub]Commonwealth of Liberty[/sub]

EVVIVA L'ITALIA!

—]

Ababemba

Adriatican Islands

Alzarikstan

Amsterwald

Anglo Channel

Arcanda

Bayern Kahla

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Canovia

Cascadla

Central Arstotzka

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Hashemite Kingdoms

Hatzburg

Honghai

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

La Granadinas

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Moroavia

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Nonador

Nosautempopulus

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Reyzen

Rutannia

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sri-Lanka

Sudesam

Taiiwan

Teymour

The Black Star-

The Sun States

Turkiye 1St

Ubertica

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler][/list][/list]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

Establishment of the Shura Tribals Council and planning more

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

[list][sup]Taiz, Kingdom of Yemen[/list][/sup]

[list][sup]10 June 1963[/list][/sup]

[sup]Professor Omr al-Kilani traveled on May 20, 1963, to Taiz, Kingdom of Yemen to meet with the Prime Minister of Yemen, Hassan ibn Yahya, and to begin his work as an advisor to the King of Yemen, Professor al-Kilani. He began doing preliminary research on the economy of Yemen and some other matters that needed development and growth.[/sup]

[sup]Indeed, after the return of the King of Yemen from Beirut on June 7, 1963, the King met with Adviser Omr al-Kilani and the Prime Minister Hassan ibn Yahya. The meetings were repeated for three days, which resulted in several initial points that will be the first developments in Yemen, which are: -[/sup]

[list][sup]1. Establishing the Shura Tribals Council, which will include tribal leaders and judges, the prime minister, ministers, and the chief justice. The role of the council will be advisory to assist the king, and its decisions and reports are not binding on the king.[/sup][/list]

[list][sup]2. Establishing a police force, in which a group of army officers and tribesmen must be formed to be trained to be the first nucleus of the police force, and a training mission must be brought from one of the neighboring countries or send Yemeni mission to obtain training in one of the countries. We Must be An agreement to organize the first training mission, provided that a police college will be established in Yemen in the near future, and a police force will be provided with some equipment and weapons that will enable it to combat crime, and several vehicles that will allow it to move on the rugged roads in Yemen.[/sup][/list]

[list][sup]3. Start reducing the cultivation of Qat in exchange for cultivating varieties that can be exported, such as coffee, in exchange for encouraging farmers by announcing the purchase of these varieties from them at a good price.[/sup][/list]

[sup]Yemeni Radio and Al-Waqai al-Yemenia newspaper, announced the establishment of the Shura Tribals Council and invited tribal leaders to come to Taiz to meet with the King in the Council's first meetings.[/sup]

[list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler][/list]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Saudi Arabiyah, Nileia, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

[pre]June, 1963

Atbarah River Dam Complex, Khashm El Girba, Kassala Province, The Republic Of Sudan[/pre]

[list]POWERING AND DEVELOPING THE EAST[/list]

Free of foreign and or exploitive powers attempting to monopolize the natural resources of Sudanese land, had allowed the national economy to grow beyond the cultivation and exportation of raw resources. Throughout the last two decades, the urban economies of the Nile Valley had transformed into industrious ones, with the power to locally produce and make resources out of the raw minerals it had previously exported to factories in far-off lands like South Asia and Europe. Of course, while the outflow of raw minerals continued in the trade market Sudan shared with its business partners, the industrial advancement of the country had been remarkable in the rise of the national economy and national standards of living.

However the industrialization of a still primarily agrarian economy had unsettled the delicate balance of functionality in Sudanese cities, While the amount of citizens moving from the countryside to the urban cities in search of better jobs wasn’t as notable compared to other developing nations, the rising demand for energy to power the factories and daily services of the urban economies had left Sudan in an unreliable and unbalanced dependency on the export of European coal to power Sudan’s power plants and therefore power the industrial economy.

In addition, the economic prioritization of cash crop exportation and production of resources, such as the national treasure of cotton, had left other vital crops for human consumption, such as wheat and beans, underdeveloped in the agricultural sector. This could have resulted in dangerous levels of food insecurity throughout impoverished regions of the country, if not for the Agricultural Development Act that stores up and buys corps from food production regions of Sudan and redistributes them through the Sudan Relief Foundation, to parts of the country facing insecurity. The nation’s overhauled and efficient meat industry had also been another great contributor to avoiding food insecurities in the country and keeping the population well-fed, but the underdevelopment of the nation’s breadbasket has been deemed unacceptable, by the Azheri Administration upon the beginning of his second term in office back in 1961, who had moved to revitalize a new economic and agricultural powerhouse in the country’s eastern provinces.

The Atbarah River, otherwise rarely known as the “Black Nile”, is the last major tributary of the Nile River before it dumps off into the Mediterranean, The Atbarah and its tributary the Setit River, flows into the Kassala region of Sudan from the Ethiopian Highlands. Between July to October, waterfowl at the River Atbarah would rise to 18ft above its normal outflow. This arid region of the country had been a relatively empty and sparsely populated stretch of land between the two populated urban centers of Kassala and Al Qadarif, with few farms and underdeveloped properties between the two economic centers. It is for that reason, that Agricultural Minister Arafat Suhaili picked this region that the Atbarah River flows through, to begin a new agricultural revitalization program that would bring farming and cultivation to the region, as well as solve the question of the Sudanese citizens displaced in Halfa Province by the rising waters of Lake Nubia, known globally as Lake Nasser.

As the decade began, the Sudanese Government upon securing some funds and loans from the IMF, as well as investments from neighboring and aligned countries, had embarked on a public works project in 1961, upon the establishment of the Atbarah River Dam at Khashm Al Girba. Close to its completion in 1964, the dam would serve three main purposes. First, it would provide irrigation to a new farming and agricultural development region, set up along the banks of the Atbarah. The second purpose works hand in hand with the first, as it is also to bring about much-needed land value and development to the region, which would become home to two new farming villages, Degheim and New Halfa, which would house the displaced Halfa residents from the Aswan Dam reservoir. And finally, the hydroelectric power plant at the dam would help contribute locally produced power supply to the towns and cities along the Atbarah River, and most importantly to the industrious city of Atbarah itself, which seeks to find an alternative to the imported coal powering the city.

The new farming region is meant to bring about the development of human consumption crops such as wheat, beans, sugar cane, and peanuts. This development plan is anticipated to bring about a plethora of new jobs and opportunities to the region and to the cities of Kassaka and Qadarif, which shall stand to benefit from a possibly industrious future aimed at processing the cultivated wheat and beans produced in the eastern fertile plains.

[list]AL-NASRU LENA!

AL-NASRU LE SUDAN![/list]

[list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler][/list]

Paramountica, Rutannia, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

Things that happen at night in Beirut

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

[list][sup]Beirut, Lebanon[/list][/sup]

[list][sup]22 June 1963[/list][/sup]

[sup]In one of the nightclubs in Al-Hamra Street, Emir Al-Abbas bin Ahmad, the brother of the King of Yemen, was sitting. He was wearing a casual outfit so as not to draw attention to him in the traditional Yemeni outfit, while he was having a drink at the bar and sitting alone. Then a blond man came and sat in the next chair and asked the barman for a drink. [/sup]

[list][sup]Then He looked sideways towards Emir Al-Abbas and spoke in poor Arabic that suggested he was a foreigner: Boring night, isn't it?

The Emir looked at him and said in a careless tone: There is a dancer who will come after a while and the fun will begin

The man extended his hand to the prince to shake his hand: I'm Ronald Hayman, you can call me Ron

Shaking hands with the Emir: Abbas Ahmed

Ron: It seems that you are not from Lebanon. I am guessing that you are from Oman or Yemen

Emir: Why Oman or Yemen?

Ron: I served there during World War II. I was a corporal in the British troops stationed in Aden

Emir: I am from Yemen, but the north

Ron triumphantly: My guess was correct. You should invite me for a drink now...

The Emir signals to the barman to bring two glasses

Ron: The truth is that my luck might be good. To be honest, I know who you are and I came to offer you an idea

The Emir smiling: Who am I?

Ron: Emir Al-Abbas bin Ahmad, Brother of the King of Yemen!

The Emir was astonished and waited for him to complete his speech

Ron: I have a project and I need a partner of royal level

Emir: What do you mean?

Ron: I am seeking to establish an air freight company and am looking for a partner. What do you think?

Emir: Why might I be the one to accept the partnership?

Ron: Because you are so far from the throne, perhaps you should pursue other opportunities, such as becoming a rich businessman.

The Emir seemed to be thinking: Let me think, but now let us watch the dancer Nadia[/list][/sup]

[sup]The music starts and the lights turn to where the dancer Nadia comes out[/sup]

---------------

[sup]An hour later, in one of Beirut's streets empty of pedestrians, Ron or David Feast (his real name) stood beside a public telephone and calling, and as soon as the call began, he said: The shark swallowed the bait. Prepare the plane and send it to Beirut at the end of this week to take us. I will call you again to tell you where I am, then He hung up the phone and moved away, disappearing into the darkness.[/sup]

[list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler][/list]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

[list][list][list][pre]STATUS CIVITATIS VATICANAE

VATICAN CITY STATE

THE HOLY SEE[/pre][/list]

______

SECRETARY OF STATE OF HIS HOLINESS: POPE JOHN XXIII ASCENDS INTO HEAVEN — CARDINAL MONTINI ASCENDS TO SAINT PETER'S THRONE AS POPE PAUL VI

[sub]VATICAN CITY | ROME, JUNE MCMLXIII[/sub][/list]

[sub]| SECRETARIUS STATUS SANCTITATIS SUAE - | Pentecost, the significant Christian holiday commemorating the arrival of the Holy Spirit upon Jesus' Apostles, has not yet broken. Five thousand people kept vigil in the starry St. Peter's square on the cold June night. Some people prayed, while others conversed, and some—Rome being what it is—eyed their neighbors in search of a bulging pocketbook or an exposed handbag clasp. The majority of those gathered for the vigil frequently turned to gaze at the lit windows on the Vatican Palace's top level. There, Pope John XXIII's life was slowly but surely ebbing away.[/sub]

[sub]The Pope's brothers and sister from Bergamo, as well as his secretary and confidant Monsignor Loris Capovilla, were present in John's white-painted bedroom, keeping watch with his doctors over the coma-stricken body on the straightforward brass bed. Men were already striving to gauge the magnificence of this 261st successor of St. Peter as Bishop of Rome as Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli clung to life at the age of 81. With his apostolic constitution, Veterum Sapientfi, which served as a stern warning to anyone who would remove Latin from its position of primacy in the church, Pope John XXIII was occasionally unintelligible but a staunch conservative. The highly publicized Synod of Rome in 1960 gave the local clergy a new sense of spiritual energy. John was responsible for founding the Vatican's Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, sending representatives to the third assembly of the World Council of Churches in New Delhi, and inviting more than 40 Protestants and Orthodox Christians to attend the Vatican II sessions. John accomplished nothing to eliminate the significant doctrinal barriers that stand in the way of ecumenical unity, but by setting a good example of love, he inspired scholars and church leaders to join in identifying the areas of common ground in the Christian faith. In the words of Dr. Willem Visser't Hooft, General Secretary of the World Council: "He changed the history of church relations."[/sub]

[sub]It is said to every Pope when he receives the triple tiara at his coronation: "Thou art the father of princes and of kings, Pontiff of the whole world." Pope John seemed more like a global father than the cunning, blunt Pius XI or the ascetic, aristocratic Pius XII, and his teachings were heard by all mankind in addition to the 650 million Roman Catholics. Two of his encyclicals are perhaps classics, and many people outside of the Roman Catholic Church were intrigued by them. He updated the tradition of Catholic social doctrine initially presented by Leo XIII in Rerum Novarum in Mater et Magistra (1961), upholding both the legality of "socialization" for the common good and man's freedom to private property. The first encyclical, Pacem in Terris, which was written for "all men of good will," not just bishops and the faithful, provided a clear vision for a peaceful society founded on justice, truth, order, and liberty. For the first time ever in recorded history, a Pope endorsed constitutional democracy. The Vatican declared on May 21st that John had ceased all public appearances in order to engage in a peaceful, spiritual retreat for nine days before to the feast of the Pentecost. John twice showed up at a window instead of his intended audience to pray with the people gathering below in St. Peter's Piazza. While it appeared to onlookers that the Pope was worn out but still mobile, the truth was that he had experienced internal bleeding and was confined to bed for the majority of the day.[/sub]

[sub]The Pope had "gastric heteroplasia," a tumor that may have been malignant, but only surgery could determine this; however, it produced hemorrhages and anemia, which was gradually revealed by the secretive Vatican. The Pope was being intravenously fed since he was unable to swallow food. Dr. Piero Mazzoni, one of Italy's top anesthesiologists, entered the Vatican under 24-hour guard to deliver transfusions, coagulants, and morphine injections—the only therapies available because physicians declined to perform an operation or conduct radiation therapy. After the hemorrhage restarted at midnight on Thursday, the illness's rapid progress led to peritonitis, an inflammation of the abdominal lining. The Pope received the viaticum (last Communion) in the morning from Monsignor Giuseppe Cavagna, his confessor. The ceremony of severe unction was carried out, and John's body was anointed with holy oil by Monsignor Peter van Lierde, Sacristan of the Holy Palaces. According to L'Osservatore Romano, after that John summoned Monsignor Cavagna to his bedside and in a clear, firm voice the august Pontiff confirmed his profound love for the church and all souls and again gave his life for the peaceful conclusion of the Ecumenical Council and for peace among men. The Holy Father frequently recited "Ut unum sint [so that all may be one]" throughout his speech in front of an emotional audience.[/sub]

[sub]As the long day dragged on, people gathered outside St. Peter's to pray and observe, and a steady stream of guests arrived at the pope's bedside. John discussed naming the three cardinals in petto whose names he had kept a secret since 1960 with a group of senior cardinals, including Amleto Cicognani, the Vatican's Secretary of State, and Eugene Tisserant, Alfredo Ottaviani, and others. Additionally, the Pope blessed the cardinals and expressed gratitude for their assistance. The Pope said, "I'm sorry to be leaving." Ottaviani retorted, "To many, it seems to be the hand of God." The Pope's sister and three brothers were taken to the bedside by Giovanni Cardinal Montini, the Archbishop of Milan, who some French clergymen refer to as "Le Dauphin" because they think he will succeed John. The Pope initially did not recognize them; nevertheless, as time went on, he came to embrace them one by one and recited the statement made by Christ before to the raising of Lazarus: "I am the resurrection and the life." The Vatican declared that the Pope had "entered into agony"—the last hours—around midnight on Friday. He is no longer in pain. He is dying right now. But John's incredible heart—"the heart of a horse," according to one onlooker—would not fail. He entered and exited comas, blessing everyone in the chamber during each period of awareness, and offering his suffering once more "for the council and for peace." The Pope once said, as his doctor knelt over him, "With death a new life starts—the glorification of Christ." He muttered the name of Jesus repeatedly. "I have been able to follow my death step by step," John said in response to a monsignor who saw that he appeared to have recovered. "I am now moving smoothly toward the finish line."[/sub]

[sub]Benedetto Aloisi Masella, the 53 cardinals who reside outside of Italy, and the Vatican's Cardinal Camerlengo (Chamberlain) will all assemble in the Eternal City one by one for the nine days of mourning in John's honor and the lowering of his triple coffin made of wood, lead, and cypress into the crypt beneath St. Peter's. A conclave to elect the new Pope will take place between 15 and 18 days after his passing. The cardinals will be walled into a complex of chambers, including the Sistine Chapel, with each being accompanied by two assistants. As one French bishop stated last week, "as far as we're concerned, the Pope has been dead for a month." Speculation has long ago started. It will be challenging to forecast the conclave—certainly more challenging than the one that chose John in 1958. The Sacred College was thus tragically decimated as a result of Pius XII's disregard for Vatican administrative details; so many cardinals were on the verge of death that the choice was readily limited to a few candidates. With 82 cardinals, more than half of whom were created by John, the conclave that elects the next Pope will be the biggest in history. By midday on June 21st, a crowd had amassed in St. Peter's Square and was huddled close to the Apostolic Palace's windows. The 82 cardinals who had convened there to elect Pope John XXIII's successor had only voted twice thus far. However, no one had expected a protracted conclave—and the expectations were accurate.[/sub]

[sub]At 11:22, white smoke started to rise from the flimsy metal chimney that rose from the Sistine Chapel, where used ballots were ceremonially burned in a burner. Two times the previous day, a few puffs of white smoke had at first risen, but they quickly turned disappointingly black, indicating that no Pope had been selected. There was no error this time; the smoke was pure white, or beautiful bianca. The Vatican Radio, which had twice prematurely announced election results during the 1958 conclave, enthusiastically verified the information shortly after. Rome recognized that only one guy could have won the election, hence just six ballots were required. Within an hour, there were more than 100,000 people in the square, and all of the Roman streets west of the Tiber were jam-packed with traffic. A huge cheer rose from the crowd as Alfredo Ottaviani, Secretary of the Holy Office and senior Cardinal-Deacon of the Sacred College, finally made his appearance on the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica with a retinue of clergy. He croaked in Latin, "I announce to you tidings of great joy." We have a Pope, "Habemus papam. He is the most revered and illustrious Cardinal Giovanni Battista. . ." Ottaviani did not have to finish; with one voice the crowd shouted back the last name: "Montini! Montini!" Ottaviani finished his customary proclamation with a broad smile, "... who has taken the name of Paul VI."[/sub]

[sub] There were cheers and gasps. Then, as the slender (5 ft 10 in., 154 lbs. ), upright new Pope stepped out to deliver his first blessing to the city and the world, a thundering shout that came from the wave of waving handkerchiefs welcomed him. He was wearing a white cassock and a thick scarlet stole. Many people were reminded of Pius XII by his elegant, ascetic mannerisms. "He looks like he's been Pope all his life," a reporter remarked. |[/sub][/list]

[list]______[/list]

[list][list][pre]Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto,

Sicut erat in principio, et nunc, et semper, et in sæcula sæculorum. Amen.[/pre][/list][/list]

[list][spoiler=[sub]𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐄

𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐘[/sub]]

Abessinienreich

Adriatican Islands

Allbania

Al-Jammahirya Al-Arabiyya

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Andorra-

Arcanda

Batallon De Dignidad

Bhaarat Lok

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Holy Vatican City States

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Los Estados Unidos De Suramerica

Ma-Li

Mayel Lyang

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Monaco-

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Republica De Cuba-

Republican Irishmen

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Tallahan

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Monaco-, Andorra-, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

June 29, 1963

[sub]Newauroria — Afternoon[/sub]

v

|

Headline: Canada Embarks On The Development of Cutting-Edge Dorvaina-Class Guided Missile Cruisers

Byline: June 29, 1963

Introduction: Canada has set sail on a new era of naval innovation with the commencement of the development of the Dorvaina-class guided missile cruisers. This groundbreaking endeavor promises to bolster Canada's maritime capabilities and solidify its position on the global naval stage.

In-depth Report:

A Naval Milestone: The initiation of the Dorvaina-class guided missile cruiser project marks a historic milestone in Canada's naval history. This new class of warships is designed to provide unmatched versatility, agility, and firepower, elevating Canada's naval prowess to new heights.

Cutting-Edge Technology: The Dorvaina-class cruisers are set to incorporate the latest advancements in naval technology. Equipped with state-of-the-art radar systems, guided missile launchers, and advanced electronic warfare capabilities, these vessels will be at the forefront of modern naval warfare.

Enhanced Defense and Offense: One of the primary objectives of the Dorvaina-class cruisers is to enhance Canada's defensive and offensive capabilities. These warships will be equipped to counter a wide range of threats, from aerial and missile attacks to submarine warfare, thereby safeguarding Canada's maritime interests.

Versatile Mission Profiles: The versatility of the Dorvaina-class cruisers is a key feature. These warships will be capable of a wide range of mission profiles, including anti-submarine warfare, air defense, and surface warfare. Their adaptability makes them invaluable assets for safeguarding Canada's extensive coastline and maritime territories.

Economic and Industrial Impact: The development of the Dorvaina-class cruisers also carries significant economic implications. The project is expected to stimulate Canada's defense industry, creating jobs and fostering innovation in naval technology. It will further strengthen Canada's position as a reliable partner in international defense collaborations.

International Collaboration: The Dorvaina-class project exemplifies Canada's commitment to international collaboration. It draws on expertise and technology from various allied nations, reinforcing diplomatic and defense ties while contributing to the global security landscape.

Future Prospects: As development proceeds, the Dorvaina-class cruisers are poised to become the vanguard of Canada's naval fleet. Their deployment will enhance Canada's ability to protect its maritime interests, respond to emerging threats, and contribute to international peace and security.

Conclusion: The initiation of the Dorvaina-class guided missile cruiser project signals Canada's determination to invest in cutting-edge naval capabilities. This endeavor reaffirms Canada's commitment to safeguarding its maritime interests, fostering industrial growth, and actively participating in international defense efforts. As development progresses, the Dorvaina-class cruisers will undoubtedly become a cornerstone of Canada's naval power, ensuring a safer and more secure maritime future.

|

[spoiler=[sub]Military[/sub]

Dorvaina-Class Guided Missile Cruisers

—]

Ababemba

Abessinienreich

Adriatican Islands

Alzarikstan

Amsterwald

Anglo Channel

Arcanda

Bayern Kahla

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Canovia

Cascadla

Central Arstotzka

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Hashemite Kingdoms

Hatzburg

Honghai

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

La Granadinas

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Moroavia

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Nonador

Nosautempopulus

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Reyzen

Rutannia

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sri-Lanka

Sudesam

Teymour

The Black Star-

The Sun States

Turkiye 1St

Ubertica

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

[sub]★ REPÚBLICA REVOLUCIONARIA CUBANA ★[/sub]

[sub] || JUN 1963 || [/sub]

[list]CH6: LUUUUUUUUUUUUUCHA LIIIIIIIIIIIIIIBRE

[list][pre]As Cuban revolutionaries were exiled from Cuba following their first failed attempt at revolution, they regrouped in Mexico. Not much really is known about what these events in Mexico entailed, but other than Che Guevara meeting the revolutionaries, Mexico also served as the first place where the revolutionaries began to physically train and prepare themselves for guerilla struggle. This happened under the tutelege of one man, Kid Vanegas, a professional luchador who trained Castro and set up shelter for him and the revolutionaries in Mexico.[/pre]

[pre]This however is not the only entalgment pro wrestling and Cuba have, in fact wrestling has a rich history in Cuba dating back to the 1930s. Taking influence most from the United States, big characters, colorful attires, and hard hitting technical wrestling reigned supreme in Cuba. Shows regularly sold out, and big American stars would occasionally preform in tours in the small island.[/pre]

[pre]In the mid 40s and early 50s, Cuba had its wrestling boom. Two big promotions emerged, foreign workers came to Cuba to wrestle on its cards, and wrestling found itself on national television. Peaking in 1953, weekly shows drew sold out venues and thousands of viewers on television. However this boom soon waned in the face of poor investment and inability to capitalize on this peak. Soon the tv deals faded away, and at least one promotion closed down. [/pre]

[pre]The Cuban revolution has however heralded a new lifeline. With the government aiming to promote sports and entertainment, some officials have laid their eyes on Cuban wrestling. Its scripted nature, and over the top characters make it the perfect venue to showcase the ideals of the Cuban new man and portray the enemies of state in a fun and entertaining way. Bolstered by the return of famous promoter Gilberto Becerra into the wrestling scene following a short hiatus promoting amateur boxing, Cuban wrestling finds itself with a new hope. [/pre]

[pre]This indeed found itself coming to fruition. Facilitated by the Libermann liberalization reforms, and the popularity of wrestling, a joint project between the Cuban government, promoter Gilberto Becerra, and Mexican booker Velente Perez who worked with Becerra before, a new promotion in Havana has been established. The Federación Cubana de Lucha Libre, or the FCLL (Cuban Wrestling Federation), was officially registered in the spring of 1963. [/pre]

[pre]The new promotion has found itself with a few advantages its predecessors hasn't. It has government support, a prime time slot in Canal 2 which allows it to reach a wide audience, and a new innovative style not practiced previously. A mix of influences thanks to Cuba's location and post-revolutionary society, Cuba has maintained its influenced from America in the shape of over the top characters and elaborate storylines, but has also begun to take influence from Mexican lucha libre in the form of masked luchadores and agile wrestling, and topping it off with Socialistic influences such as the focus on a working class hero, and the prominence of women in the wrestling shows, an unusual thing during this time. [/pre]

[pre]With a blend of influences that is sure to set the promotion apart, a national TV deal, access to both Cuban and Mexican wrestlers, and official governmental support, the FCLL finds itself in a unique position that should it capitalize on, may make it one of the success stories of Cuba. However only time will tell if this project shall end in success. [/pre]

______________

[pre]

VIVA CUBA!

VIVA FIDEL![/pre]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti, The Danube And Black Sea

First Shura Tribals Council meeting today

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

[list][sup]Imam's Palace, Taiz, Kingdom of Yemen[/list][/sup]

[list][sup]7 July 1963[/list][/sup]

[sup]The Shura Tribals Council met today, in the presence of the King, the Prime Minister, the ministers, the Chief Justice, tribal leaders, and tribal judges. Some of the needs of the tribes and the most important orders related to the development of Yemen were presented and discussed, the most important of which are: -[/sup]

[list][sup]- To send ten strong men to choose from them those who are suitable to join the police force that will be established.

- Reducing qat cultivation by half of the lands currently cultivated.

- Alternative cultivations of qat will be determined according to what is appropriate for each region.

- The production of new crops will be purchased at a price 5% higher than the market.

- Part of the Qat crop will also be purchased in an attempt to market it outside Yemen.[/list][/sup]

[sup]The meeting ended with the majority of attendees satisfied with what was presented, and it was a successful session.[/sup]

----

[sup]After the meeting ended, while the tribesmen were leaving the palace, a conversation took place between two men in one of the corridors of the palace.[/sup]

[list][sup]Hamid al-Qardai, the leader of the Hashid tribal, said: This psychopath wants to make us lose our agriculture

Sadiq al-Gazami replied: Man, he said that he will compensate you for growing Qat and buy other crops.

al-Qardai responds with emotion: Of course you do not know. Your tribe does not grow Qat, but my tribe is all we know how to grow.

al-Gazami replies: This serves the public interest as...

al-Qardai interrupts him irritated: If any of the king’s soldiers approaches my land, I will bury him there before he approaches my crops.[/list][/sup]

[sup]The two walked away while one of the soldiers was hiding and heard what they said and ran immediately to tell the commander of the king’s guard.[/sup]

[list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler][/list]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

Attempt to assassinate the king

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

[list][sup]Taiz, Kingdom of Yemen[/list][/sup]

[list][sup]10 July 1963[/list][/sup]

[sup]Official statement in Yemeni Radio:

This morning, the hand of treason tried to attack our king, but Allah gave victory for the king. A group of traitorous soldiers tried to attack the Imam's Palace in Taiz to kill the king, but the loyal king’s guards confronted them and firing until three of the traitors were killed, two were wounded, and the three fled.

After the wounded were captured, they were interrogated to find out their motives for this crime. It was discovered that they were part of a conspiracy led by Abdullah al-Sallal, an army colonel, the king’s guard tried to arrest the traitorous al-Sallal, but they did not find him in his home. He fled to the mountains, the king’s guard pursuing al-Sallal and rest of his allis Traitors.

May Allah protect the king... May Allah protect Yemen

[/sup]

[list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler][/list]

Paramountica, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

[list][sup]

(CCP) People’s Republic of China / (CCP) 中华人民共和国

[/sup]

CHINA ESTABLISHES SCIENTIFICALLY-FOCUSED STATE RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES TO EDUCATE THE MASSES!

中国建立了以科学为重点的国立研究型大学来教育大众!

[sub]July 1963 | 1963 年 7 月

[/sub]

[list]

[sub]

HANGZHOU, ZHEJIANG PROVINCE | 浙江省杭州市[/sub]

[sub]Hangzhou, capital of the Zhejiang Province, west of the port city of Shanghai, was a prime target of the national people’s government when it came to which cities to develop to bolster economic growth and the development of new jobs. The central government in Beijing subscribed in practice, like many other governments around the world, to subconsciously encouraging the movement of citizens away from rural areas and towards the urban cities like Hangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing and others, despite the government’s vigorous rhetoric of developing rural and urban areas equally and fairly. Hangzhou was aimed to be a major hub for technological growth and business, within railway and - in the ambitious future - aircraft distance to Shanghai, and was marked by the central education commission as a key area for development.[/sub]

[sub]Hangzhou was first targeted in 1959 as a potential area for development of education services thanks to its land availability coupled with reasonable proximity to Shanghai and other rapidly developing cities, which also serve as rapidly rising centers for job growth. Throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s, the central government approved the construction of three science high schools and five elementary schools in the city and the surrounding provinces, and in 1962, plans for a Hangzhou Technical University were laid down.[/sub]

[sub]The HTU plan, however, was eventually switched out this month, in July of 1963, when the Communist Party Politburo approved new documents confirming plans to establish 20 ‘state research universities’ across the various state provinces of the People’s Republic. These state research universities will specialize in developing the science, technology, engineering and mathematics skills of the masses and especially of the Chinese youth, and will facilitate for college students to partake in advanced research programs, to encourage patriotic commitment to the motherland and the people’s revolution.[/sub]

[sub]The Hangzhou Technical University was eventually replaced by plans for a Hangzhou Research University, which would allow the youth and masses of Hangzhou and the surrounding provinces to avail of new advanced laboratories and get themselves involved in massive research projects. The state research universities plan is expected to contribute to Chairman Mao Tse-tsung’s grand vision of having the People’s Republic be fully self-sufficient technologically, military and economically, with the plan for the People’s Republic to be able to disconnect itself from the Soviet Union and other regional nations, after geopolitical differences caused ideological splits.[/sub]

[sub]With the rapid rate of construction and development as a result of the efficient and effective state-controlled system of construction and urban development, multiple state research universities are expected to open within the next five years in high priority areas. The Chairman and Beijing has already mandated that this growth of tertiary education shall not be limited to that level of education only. Plans to invest in the growth of primary and secondary education alongside with the expansion of patriotic education curriculum courses in all three levels of education are already in the process of being implemented.[/sub]

[sub]杭州是浙江省的省会,位于港口城市上海的西面,是全国人民代表大会决定发展哪些城市以促进经济增长和创造新的就业机会的首要目标。北京中央政府与世界上许多其他国家的政府一样,在实践中下意识地鼓励市民从农村地区向杭州、上海、北京等城市流动,尽管政府在口头上极力主张平等、公平地发展农村和城市地区。杭州的目标是成为技术发展和商业的主要枢纽,与上海之间有铁路距离,在雄心勃勃的未来,与上海之间也有飞机距离。[/sub]

[/list]

[B]

🇨🇳 🇨🇳 🇨🇳

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Ababemba

Adriatican Islands

Alzarikstan

Amsterwald

Anglo Channel

Arcanda

Bayern Kahla

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Canovia

Cascadla

Central Arstotzka

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Hashemite Kingdoms

Hatzburg

Honghai

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

La Granadinas

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Moroavia

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Nonador

Nosautempopulus

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Reyzen

Rutannia

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sri-Lanka

Sudesam

Taiiwan

Teymour

The Black Star-

The Sun States

Turkiye 1St

Ubertica

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Paramountica, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

Malian Media Group:

Clashes Between the Serer-Noon and Government Highlights Difficulties in War on Tribalism

July 19, 1963

Mamadou Ba, a government civil servant was killed when attempting to collect taxes from Fadène, a small village 7km from Thiès. Fadène is a Serer-Noon village, a particularly hostile and exclusionist subset of Serer people who are known for their attacks on outsiders.

Ba who was not a member of the Serer-Noon tribe was killed due to their rejection of outsider authority. It's estimated their numbers are only around 6,379.

With the death of this civil servant the local Kafu-Tigui has promised to crush the Serer-Noon resistance by any means necessary. On top of that, the county leader requested 500 soldiers from the garrison in Thìes to help restore order to the province. This request was granted, and the Black Army detachment under Kelé-Kulu-Kun-Tigui (Captain/KKKT) Valdiodio Ndiaye departed for the Serer-Noon villages.

The following is a report made by reporter Oumar Fall who was on the ground with the Black Army:

“A tense standoff quickly escalated between local Serer-Noon leaders and military personnel. Demands to turn over those responsible for the death of Mamadou Ba were flatly rejected, along with the authority of the government in general. After several rejected ultimatums talks quickly broke down. Serer-Noon men mostly using ancient flintlocks, or hunting bows opened fire on the KKKT Zongo’s forces. What followed was a massacre as the government forces quickly returned fire with automatic rifle fire from their AK-47s. With their men of fighting age scattered or brought down, Zongo himself dragged the local village leader out to arrest him. After a brief scuffle, the village leader was executed. Since then the government has announced a resettlement plan, to move volunteers for the new villagization project into Fadène. The detachment has begun moving to the other 4 Serer-Noon villages, only time will tell if they choose to submit, or if they resist.”

We will only have to wait and see what the response by the Serer-Noon will be. Hopefully, peace can prevail; however, if they choose to resist, the government may simply break them up and resettle them. Join us again for a follow-up on this story, when we have more information.

Paramountica, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Mutawakkiliti

[pre]✪ | République du Bénin[/pre]

[pre]"Poverty should not be viewed by us as a humiliation!"

~ Mathiue Kerekou[/pre]

____________

[pre]N E W   G O V E R M E N T    F O R M E D    B Y     N E W C O M E R ![/pre]

[list][sub][pre]The name Pierre Hamadou is not one that is familiar to many people, however to those in the know within the Beninese political circles, he was a name to keep an eye on. Coming from a family of elites in Porto-Novo, and having completed his education abroad, Hamadou quickly found his way navigating the post coup governments that arose from the chaos of the first republic of Dahomey. In this, he found his ticket to power in Lt. Col. Mathiue Kerekou who took him on as an advisor. An economist by profession, though a hobbyist poet in his free time as well, Hamadou soon found his opportunity and pounced on it after now President Kerekou began forming a new governments to guide the country towards a stable future.

Immediately inaugurating a technocratic government, that placed emphasis on an equal share between northern and southern Beninese, Premier Hamadou signed off on one of the more important proposals, which was the so-called 'Africanization' policy suggested by President Kerekou. The policy, which was touted as the key to solving all of Benin's future, saw the renaming of many villages and provinces back to their pre-colonial names, and Dahomey adopting the name Benin, an ode to the previous empire by the same name, as a way to distance the country from its colonial past.

This shift was also accompanied by a number of other proposals to strenghen this policy, such as the adoption of an 'African' economy, a shorthand for promoting free-market economics, and the elimination of tribal opposition, which in effect has meant simply bribing tribal chiefs in an effort to pacify their opposition. This ambitious policies and strangely efficient process of government has been caused only merely by the huge influx of foreign aid from the United States, which freed up coffers for bribery and pacification. As well as provided the resources to pursue new policy.

Meanwhile, mercenary Bob Denard has been quick in making sure that Benin's military is in shape, recently inaugurating the 'Vangaurd Company', a 500-man so-called elite force composed mainly of Malian and French mercenaries, as well as Beninese soldiers trained by Denard. He has also been offering advisory on economic and political matters, and has engaged in a few operations to...quietly deal with opposition that are unable to be bribed or pacified.

President Kerekou in the past 7 month since his ascension to power has also been working on legitimizing his authority, announcing elections for 1965 and touring the country, meeting up with tribal chiefs, and all-in-all building the foundations for a strong image for his rule. With a government formed by Hamadou, Kerekou now finally has the chance to actually implement policy, but that remains to be seen.[/pre][/sub]

Paramountica, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

Colombia Counterattacks; Insurgents Splinter; the Terror Continues

In the wider public eye, it was easy to picture the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia as a single, cohesive and cooperative group. The Federal Government itself had an interest in portraying the group not only as organized and competent, but also as an affront to Colombian democracy, public order and Christianity itself. The reality, however, was much more complicated. Even during its beginnings, FARC was little more than an alliance of disparate guerrillas formed by disgruntled peasant farmers and young students eager to follow the footsteps of revolutionaries like Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. This led to infighting, disorganization and a complete lack of communication between guerrilla cells.

Not long after the inauguration of President Rafael Caldera, Colombian guerrillas welcomed an unlikely ally that would change all of that. The famed Che Guevara himself had been smuggled into the country in the first collaboration between the Cuban government and the militias. While his arrival went unnoticed by Colombian authorities, his presence was soon discovered by the National Police, who began a secret manhunt for the infamous Argentinian. As the Federal Government scrambled to find Che, he went to work training and drilling these young and old revolutionaries into a proper fighting force.

Throughout 1963, Che Guevara trained hundreds and then thousands of FARC militants. Guerrilla tactics, ideological indoctrination, strategy, teamwork, and of course the creation of an 'officer corps' to pass on his own knowledge to future militants. He had also assisted fellow revolutionaries in establishing a proper chain of command which would facilitate the overthrow of the capitalist and U.S backed Federal Government in Bogotá. By the time of his departure, FARC leaders like Argimiro Gabaldón and Manuel Marulanda Vélez were confident in their ability to fight the government head-on.

[hr]

As the FARC prepared, so did the Government. Reforms pushed by Caldera had effectively re-organized the law enforcement and intelligence apparatus of the state. In less than a month, the DAS had managed to infiltrate some cells while the rest were placed under surveillance utilizing wiretaps and aerial surveillance methods imported from the United States. Informants in villages close to their camps became vital for the Government's efforts to both locate and eventually destroy the armed guerillas.

The Government had also spared no expense outfitting its law enforcement officers. Across the country, members of the National Police were given new uniforms, new weapons and new vehicles. Rusted out cars were replaced with brand new American-made vehicles, ranging from Ford and Chevrolet pickup trucks to Jeeps and other vehicles. Weaponry also poured into the country in the thousands, with National Police officers outfitted with some of the more modern arms in the market. The Federal Government even coordinated with regional Governors to modernize and upgrade local police departments. All in an effort to curb the violence and bring a sense of safety to the people.

Alongside new and shiny equipment also came new training regimens. The Colombian Federal Government had invested heavily in foreign-backed training programs for its National Police and local police departments. The newest techniques were implemented and many police officers were able to integrate their new equipment along with their new training. Higher pay also worked to minimize corruption among the police, with the Federal Government utilizing petroleum revenues from state-owned EcoPetrol to fund the initiatives. Across the country, police officers belonging to Departmental police services, city police departments and rural Federal authorities saw their pay double in just a few months. By mid-1963, Colombia's National Police were some of the best-paid Federal employees in the country.

Perhaps, the most effective strategy employed by the Federal Government was propaganda. Earlier in the year, an alliance between Bogotá, Catholic priests and bishops, radio stations and newspapers was forged. At the initiative of President Caldera, the country's most trustworthy sources of information would become tools against the so-called revolutionaries. Priests and bishops would preach about the evils of left-wing militancy and terrorism, propagated the idea that FARC sought to end Christianity in Colombia in favor of Soviet-style atheism. Meanwhile, the newspapers painted FARC members as traitors, criminals and foreign-backed thugs who were at the beck and call of Fidel Castro and the Soviets. On the radio, government agents pretending to be ex-FARC members spoke of satanic rituals, the worshiping of Lenin, Marx and Stalin and their relentless thirst for violence against innocents.

The campaign was largely effective, sowing fear across the nation which eventually led to mass reporting of members of the FARC hiding out in urban areas. Police conducted raids back-to-back, arresting dozens of students and farmers who were connected directly or indirectly to the organization. The raids were answered with retaliatory violence, with the FARC employing some of their new tactics to attack villages, police stations, and government buildings with the ultimate effort of occupying them. However, their efforts were often foiled by counterattacks by the National Police and when that failed, the Colombian army had proven itself more than effective at fighting even decently trained militants.

[hr]

In just a few months time, FARC's initial momentum had fizzled out. Attacks across the country had been greatly reduced, dozens of their members had been arrested or killed by Federal or state authorities or their planned attacks had simply been foiled by the increasingly effective Colombian intelligence services. The loss of the initial momentum along with increasingly low morale, had led to a dip in recruitment numbers and increased infighting among members of the organization.

By late July, 1963, the FARC had split off into distinct groups after infighting had reached fever pitch. Ultimately, it was ideological differences that had become the breaking point for many of the top leadership of the FARC, causing it to split. While the groups have not immediately turned on one another, FARC's forces have effectively been split off into a number of smaller militias dotted across the nation. While FARC remains the largest and most resourceful, its strength has been diminished by the breakup of some of its component parts.

The largest breakaway groups include the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN) composed of former members of the Colombian military who joined FARC and became increasingly frustrated by the lack of effectiveness of the group. Motivated by ideology, students and farmers with differing views of Marxist and Leninist theory split off into the Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN) composed of Marxist-Leninist FARC members and the Ejército Popular de Liberación (EPL) composed of farmers, senior militants and students espousing exclusively Marxist and even Stalinist views. Trotskyists, some Leninists and Maoists, sitting in the minority of the FARC membership splintered off into two distinct groups. The Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo Trabajador (ERPT)

was formed by Trotskyists and Leninist members while the Ejército Popular de Liberación de Colombia del Pueblo (PLAC) was formed by Maoists and other communists with pro-agrarian views.

While the splintering of the FARC is being celebrated by many, President Caldera has refused to let off the fight. Especially as less and less militants take up the government's offer of amnesty. Perhaps, the most concerning part is the growing intensity of the violence. Even when attacks have reduced in frequency, FARC and its splinter groups have begun to learn government strategies, adapting to better avoid or counterattack state authorities. As August rapidly approaches, many within the government wonder if this insurgency will truly be crushed soon or if Colombia will be plunged into a lengthy insurgency, putting its prospects for a bright future in jeopardy.

Paseo, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti, Brexasko

soon

Victoria Harbor

A New Homeland for Malian Jews

1962-1963

Following the end of the French West African colony, and the release of Azawad as an independent state. The new nation quickly began to decentralize and fall apart as tribal confederations retook their old lives and territories. The arrival of 50-100,000 Tuaregs from the Federation of Mali caused deep ethnoreligious conflicts between those ethnic groups left behind in the new Tuareg-dominated Azawad. One group that would be greatly affected would be the last vestiges of the Jews of Bilad al-Sudan. The descendants of traders, and merchants from the old imperial era, Judaism in the region had gradually vanished being almost entirely extinct by 1900. Most of the Jews of Bilad al-Sudan had converted to Islam.

This state of affairs would've likely continued on for more generations had it not been for one event. The destruction of an old Jewish cemetery by Tuareg herders in 1962 provoked mass recognition among the descendants of the Jews of Bilad al-Sudan. This would lead to the foundation of the Zakhor Movement, led by Solomon Konate. Zakhor meaning “remember” would mobilize the descendants of Jews not only to reclaim Jewish heritage but religious beliefs as well.

By 1962, the Zakhor Movement would swell to 1,000 members. Nonetheless, the movement was quickly pushed out of Timbuktu by a series of violent pogroms carried out against the small synagogues of the city.

In January 1963, representatives of the Malian government offered resettlement of the Zakhor to Mali, creating the settlement of Serour named after the last Rabbi of Timbuktu Mordechai Abi Serour. This would be founded on the right bank of the Bani River, south of Sofara. The Zakhor Jews would find a new home, in the lands of Mopti, the most melting pot of Mali. Quickly the village of 1,000 people would grow and become one of the most prosperous villages in the region, owing to its direct access to water for irrigation, and relatively skilled workforce.

Paseo, Victoria Harbor, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Mutawakkiliti

[sub]★ REPÚBLICA REVOLUCIONARIA CUBANA ★[/sub]

[sub] || AUG 1963 || [/sub]

[list]CH7: A NEW CHALLENGER APPEARS....CHE?!

[list][pre]In scenes that surprised that even that of the high command of Cuba, Che Guevara reappeared to popular fanfare in Havana today, sporting a broken hand, long hair, and an even more unkempt beard. Even more to the surprise of many, Che has announced his true intentions right there in the middle of the capital, that of establishing a new vanguard party to 'return the revolution to the right path'. Many members of the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution (UPCSR) have already switched over, in part due to the publishing of the Che Letters a few month earlier.[/pre]

[pre]Much like the aforementioned letters, this new party, named the Partido Democrático Revolucionario (PDR; Democratic Revolutionary Party) has an explicitly maoist inspired party line, mixing in heavy elements of Cuban Nationalism and a more moderate economic policy that what has usually been expected under Guevara's former tenure as Minister of the Industry.[/pre]

[pre]What Castro thinks of this has been the subject of speculation, however rumors amongst his inner circle has indicated that he might be quite supportive, viewing the UPCSR as dominated by 'old communists' and factional opponents who have in his view stifled the revolution. This was echoed in an earlier speech in July when after being asked of the poor economic performance of Cuba, Castro said: [/pre]

[list][list][pre] | These Old Communists have sold us on an economic system that is not in line with Cuba! We have been attempting to implement Socialism without first analysing our own economic conditions, it's no wonder we suffer as a result of all these contradictions! |[/pre][/list][/list]

[pre]It is interesting to see what will happen once Castro publicly shifts his weight over to the PDR in what will be an undoubtable inner coup to remove the UPCSR, which is composed of varying factions which participated in the Cuban revolution, rather than a cohesive unit of ideological lines. The PDR doesn't seem to have this same issue, as many of its members share Che's want for a shift towards a different ideological line than the current government. [/pre]

[pre]It should be mentioned however that the party does have one area of division which is economic matters, though that matter is quite small enough that it is unlikely to cause serious rifts as much as it will cause long debates over policy. Nonetheless, the PDR has already found itself a surprisingly popular power base, as its clear political line, its support due to the mythification and glorification of Che over the past few years, and its promise for a new Cuba netting it a large support already. [/pre]

______________

[pre]

VIVA CUBA!

VIVA CHE!

VIVA FIDEL![/pre]

Paseo, Victoria Harbor, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

[list][list]AUGUST 1963[/list]

[list][list]REFORMA MINISTERIAL

[pre]CABINET RESHUFFLE[/pre][/list][/list]

[pre] O R D E M E P R O G R E S S O [/pre]

BRASÍLIA, FEDERAL DISTRICT, Brazil Toucan — EVENING

[sub]PLANALTO PALACE[/sub]

| A few days ago, Brazil’s President SARAH KUBITSCHEK met with her Women’s Minister TEREZA DELTA, and the President’s Chief of Staff MARIA TEIXEIRA. The meeting brought back the plan to increase the number of women in the Cabinet. Under the reform, new ministers would be appointed to the following ministries: Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of Mines and Energy. Three of them will be led by women from GOULART’s Labour Party. |

[list][pre]From the beginning of her government, SARAH said she would establish a cabinet with a female majority, but this was left aside, it was suggested that she give priority only to her government’s allies. She will use this reform to move closer to the Labour Party. The Government’s popularity among leftists is constantly falling and it is necessary to act quickly.[/pre][/list]

| The three women gathered in the Cabinet room would go down in history. No government in the country’s history has even thought of discussing a cabinet reshuffle that included women. SARAH had to fight hard to ensure that her plans came to fruition, as there were many conservative congressmen who were against her revolutionary proposals. In Rio, the reform deeply angered the anti-communist military, it was clear that the President wanted to benefit the leftists. |

[list]| TEREZA DELTA, [sub]Women’s Minister[/sub] | “Yes, I agree that this would benefit us women, but we have to be realistic and think about the fact that this would harm the government’s relations with the military.”

| MARIA TEIXEIRA, [sub]Chief of Staff of the Presidency[/sub] | “What if we only took women from our party?”

| SARAH KUBITSCHEK, [sub]President of the Republic[/sub] | “No, that’s out of the question, I need to improve relations with the Labour Party, the government has distanced itself too much from workers.”

| MARIA TEIXEIRA, [sub]Chief of Staff of the Presidency[/sub] | “Well, we can do that, but we’ll have to deal with the consequences.”[/list]

| TEREZA DELTA gets up from her chair and lights a cigarette, shakes the President’s hand and walks out the door. A few hours later, SARAH and her Chief of Staff entered a room full of journalists and there the President announced the cabinet reshuffle. |

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Paseo, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

[list][PRE]August 1963[/pre][/list]

[list][list][list][list][pre]One Year Anniversary for the Spanish Couple[/pre][/list][/list][/list][/list]

[list][list][pre] P L U S - U L T R A[/pre][/list][/list]

[list][I]Madrid Spainard

[sub][I]THE SPANISH KINGDOM OF SPAIN[/I][/sub][/list]

[list]|[sub] It has been well over a year since Juan Carlos, Prince of Asturias, and Princess Sofia of Greece and Denmark had married. Many rejoiced at their new union, which brought together Spain, Greece, and the Nordic Realm bonded by a royal marriage. Because of the significant presence of distinguished guests at the wedding, certain individuals could only participate in one of the two ceremonies. The initial ceremony commenced at 10:00 AM and took place at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Dionysius the Areopagite, following the customs of the Roman Catholic Church. The marriage ceremony was officiated by Venediktos Printesis, the Archbishop of Athens. During the Mass, languages such as Spanish, Latin, and French were used, and the bride's request for pieces from Mozart's Coronation Mass to be sung was honored.[/sub]

[sub]The subsequent ceremony, which took place at noon at the Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens, was presided over by Chrysostomos II, Archbishop of Athens and All Greece. The bride's father, King Paul, had the honor of performing the two crowning rituals. Joining him as crown bearers were Crown Prince Constantine of Greece, Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark, the Duke of Aosta, the Prince of Naples, the Duke of Noto, Prince Ludwig of Baden, Don Marco Alfonso Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi, and Prince Christian Oscar of Hanover.[/sub]

[sub]Today, Princess Sofia is expecting her first child in a few months, according to the Royal Palace. If it is a boy, then he shall be the ‘heir apparent’ to the Spanish Throne after his father, Juan Carlos, passes.[/sub]

[list][list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Canovia

Cascadla

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Hatzburg

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Teymour

Turkiye 1St

Ubertica[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Paseo, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

[sub]★ REPÚBLICA REVOLUCIONARIA CUBANA ★[/sub]

[sub] || AUG 1963 || [/sub]

[list]CH8: NIGHT OF THE LONG FANGS

[list][pre]In what has amounted to an inner party coup, Premier Castro has authorized the arrest of 52 'Old Communist' leaders and the dissultion of the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution due to 'its infiltration' by so-called foreign enemies. This affair, called the 'Escalante Affair' locally and the 'Night of the Long Fans' internationally, is the first attack on political enemies Castro has executed since the elimination of Batista's supporters in 1959.[/pre]

[pre]This coup saw Castro supporting Che Guevara's new political party, Partido Democrático Revolucionario, as the 'Vanguard of the Cuban Revolution'. This also was accompanied by a cancellation of the 1964 planned elections. The main organs of power has been reorganized from the United Party of the Cuban Socialist Revolution to the PDR, with cadres that support the more ideological line of the new party jumping ship, while others took this as the last straw and quit all together.[/pre]

[pre]With the attack on the 'Old Communists', who were often on odds with Castro and controlled a majority of Cuba's government, the Comandante has eliminated all political opposition to his rule with this inner coup. The 'Old Communists', led by Anibal Escalante and Blas Roca, had been slowly losing support as their orthodox Marxian policy and often pathetic loyalty to Moscow have made them unpopular. With the government's shift towards more moderate economic policies and a unique 'Cuban Socialism', their hold on power was slowly wanning away. [/pre]

[pre]The 83 man central committee of the PDR met today in the immediate aftermath to announce a '10-Point Decleration' based on Che's now released letters sent to Castro and members of the revolutionary government. The main points of the declaration is the 'strengthening of relations with all fraternal socialist countries, expansion of the Socialist economy of Cuba, the charting of a unique Cuban path towards Socialism, and pursuing an end to the embargo'.[/pre]

[pre]The Partido Democrático Revolucionario composition is that of followers of Che, however the main trend is that of a Titoist like faction that promotes Yugoslavian-style economic reforms, and pursuing an independent foreign path that emphasizes internationalism and cooperation with non-aligned countries of the world. This stands in contrast with the minority faction (led by Che) which emphasizes Maoist ideals and a more centrally planned government. [/pre]

______________

[pre]

VIVA CUBA!

VIVA CHE!

VIVA FIDEL![/pre]

Paseo, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Cheezaslovakia, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Mutawakkiliti

[list][list][list][pre]RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE

FRENCH BUREAUCRACY

MINISTÈRE DE L’INTÉRIEUR[/pre][/list]

______

MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR: LE HAVRE SET TO BECOME EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET'S PRIMARY HUB FOR SEATRADE

[sub]VTH REPUBLIC | PARIS, AUGUST 1963[/sub][/list]

[sub]| HELM OF LIBERTÉ, MINISTÈRE DE L’INTÉRIEUR - | The wealth of the Common Market flows through an increasing tide of trade through the French port of Le Havre, which is already the largest seaport in Europe. Le Havre, which is strategically located at the mouth of the Seine River, which connects to the center of a massive industrial European city, handles more cargo than Antwerp, Bremen, and Hamburg combined, as well as almost as much as New York (90.1 million tons compared to 90.5 million tons). Le Havre is a competitive city with cunning businesses who are not satisfied with second place. A $300 million extension called Europa Port is now being constructed as part of a quest to surpass New York as the largest port in the world.[/sub]

[sub]Le Havre, which serves as an entrance to Europe and has watery reaches into practically every member state of the Common Market, handled 25,000 oceangoing ships and 250,000 barges in 1962. Le Havre's beachfront along the English Channel is a forest of cranes, derricks, and masts through which ships of all sizes comfortably move in every direction, much like New York's sprawling and organized waterfront. Large oil refiners including Total Oil & Gas, Elf Aquitaine, Algérie Oil Company, Algerfranc Energy Company, and Perenco Petroleum are located along its banks, making Le Havre one of the major oil-refining hubs in the globe. The harbor is home to one of Europe's largest shipyards, Tancarville, as well as a developing chemical and petrochemical complex. Le Havre's prosperity has mostly been attributed to its geographic location, but the French economy's astute merchants also deserve praise. During World War II, bombardment by the Allies and the Germans partially destroyed Le Havre, and the fleeing Germans dynamited portions of the harbor facilities. However, businessmen in France still met in secret and made plans for the harbor's post-war expansion during the Nazi occupation. They and the French government put all available money into the port when the war finally came to an end. Le Havre steadily rebuilt and expanded to achieve a postwar commerce increase of 296%.[/sub]

[sub]Le Havrais have little to do besides work and plan because they live in one of Europe's less fascinating cities, despite actually being a rather popular tourist destination. The businessmen of the city have mastered the art of hammering their ideas through the French government. One common tactic is to secure funding for projects based on low-cost projections, then once the project has begun, they trap the government into supporting growing estimates. In spite of the government's refusal to provide permission for a runway expansion at the Le Havre Airport, the city built the extension nonetheless and covered it with sod until the project received clearance months later, anticipating that additional space would be required for jet traffic. Le Havre has been steadily growing along the Normandy coastline with plans to build the Europa Port in order to acquire the land it needs for its expanding businesses and shipping facilities. Le Havre requires as much space as possible. In the Europa Port, Total Oil & Gas is constructing a new refinery, Perenco Petroleum is relocating, and France's enormous Air Liquide chemical industry giant has already begun construction on a petrochemical facility. The port is constructing a new grain harbor with the largest jetty in the entire world, measuring 2,750 meters. [/sub]

[sub]As France continues to broker lucrative trade deals with partners in South and Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa, it is beginning to look as if Le Havre's expansions will need to continue. Plans have already reached the discussion tables of the Le Havre Port Authority regarding the construction of mineral refineries and steel plants. In the meantime the French government has begun to solicit foreign investment from other European Common Market nations that already currently receive goods through Le Havre. These investments would will be channeled directly into a fund set up to continue expansions of Europe's largest port as well as other seaports in Calais, Dunkirk, Brest, and St. Nazaire. |[/sub]

[list]______[/list]

[list][list][pre]VIVE LA RÉPUBLIQUE!

VIVE LA FRANCE!

VIVE L’EMPIRE![/pre][/list][/list]

[list][spoiler=[sub]𝐄𝐌𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐌

𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐄𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐘[/sub]]

Abessinienreich

Adriatican Islands

Allbania

Al-Jammahirya Al-Arabiyya

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Andorra-

Arcanda

Batallon De Dignidad

Bhaarat Lok

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Holy Vatican City States

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Los Estados Unidos De Suramerica

Ma-Li

Mayel Lyang

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Monaco-

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Republica De Cuba-

Republican Irishmen

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Tallahan

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Paseo, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Holy Vatican City States, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Monaco-, Andorra-, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

The Party of the African Federation (1959-1970): Unstable and Splitting at the Seams

The Party of the African Federation or PFA was founded in 1959 with the agreement of defectors from the African Democratic Rally - Guinea, and the African Regroupment Party agreed to the formation of a unified political party within the new Federation of Mali.

Due to this very divided nature by which the federation was formed, the Party of the African Federation was extremely broad in ideology, often being divided, bickering, and ineffectual, with most decisions being made by the party bosses, while middle and lower party members argued.

Most members espoused some form of Socialist ideology; however, usually, this was only applied as a populist move, and the definition of socialist remained vague at best.

Factions Within the PFA:

•Alliance for Solidarity (Marxist-Leninist)

Led by: Abdrahamane Baba Touré

The Marxist-Leninist section of the PFA, is the most radical left of the entire political party. Made up of former members of the Alliance for Solidarity, the group is led by Abdrahamane Touré, a long-time union activist, and political agitator against France. Ideologically the group is Marxist-Leninist with views in-line with Joseph Stalin, Enver Hoxha, and Mao. Specifically they advocate for the continuation of the one party state in perpetuity, collectivization, industrialization, and forceful villagization.

Widely considered the black sheep of the party, their loyalty is tenuous, and are widely viewed as thinly-veiled genocidal towards tribal culture, and the wealthy. Nonetheless, their defection is prevented by the continued modernizing reforms, combatting of tribalism, as well as state capitalist policies of the government.

•Democratic League (Pan-Africanists)

Led by: Ahmed Sékou Touré & Modibo Keïta

The Democratic League is the Pan-Africanist section of the PFA. The group was created by the splitters of the Rally for Democracy that broke with Felix Houphouët-Boigny over his continued resistance to Pan-Africanism. The current leader is the grassroots resistance leader Ahmed Touré. Another leader of the party is the far more moderate Modibo Keïta, a traditional elitist socialist from Sudan. The party advocates for Pan-African communication, and eventually integration into one nation, and culturally.

Nonetheless they are divided from the Marxist-Leninists over the Pan-Africanist distrust of the Soviet Union, and industrialization. Instead Pan-Africanists favored Afro-centrism, and agrarianism. The group excelled at grass roots organizing and much of the wider parties ability of mass mobilization came from Pan-Africanist organization.

•The African Regroupment Movement (State Capitalism)

Led by: Léopold Senghor & Mamadou Dia

The largest of the factions, the Regroupment Movement (or centrists) are the members of the African Regroupment Party who first proposed the Federation. Led by both Senghor and Dia the centrists are the most moderate faction. The centrists advocate for state capitalism, civic nationalism, and the eventual transformation from single party rule to multi party one party dominant democracy under PRF primacy. Considered a catch all of moderate authoritarians, economic statists, and civic nationalists the faction has managed to capture the majority of elite technocrat support.

Nonetheless the centrists struggle with an image problem. Many would love to finally unshackle themselves from the identity of socialism entirely, while others think they should incorporate socialist policies more readily. They also lack a commoner political connection being widely constrained to middle and upper class support, which are far smaller than the massive lower class in Mali.

•Democratic Union (Paternalistic Conservatism)

Led by: Maurice Yaméogo

Widely the most hated part of the party outside of the Marxist-Leninists, the Democratic Union led by Maurice Yaméogo are the traditional elements of Malian society. Being the most loosely aligned with the term “socialist” the Democratic Union verges more towards traditional conservatism. They further support upholding traditional tribal leaders roles in social life, and strong community based welfare.

Despite their relative dislike among the left, the Democratic Union sided with the centrists, and the two established a powerful base of support that would make up the eventual successor to the PFA.

Rutannia, Paseo, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan

[sub]★ REPÚBLICA REVOLUCIONARIA CUBANA ★[/sub]

[sub] || AUG 1963 || [/sub]

[list]CH9: THE RETURN OF HAVANA'S NIGHT LIFE

[sup][list][pre]The aftermath of the Cuban revolution saw many changes in society, one of the main one was the return of traditional Catholic values that necessitated an end to gambling, prostitution, and such vices that led the Cuban society to decadence and backwardness. At the same time, the government launched an attack against the Mafioso's who sucked the blood and life of Cuba like vampires with sharp fangs. Their homes were the Cuban bars and nightclubs which were on every corner in Havana, and it was their final resting place before being exiled from Cuba like the vermin they were.[/pre]

[pre]After being cleansed from the plagues that inhabited them, the bars and nightclubs of Havana have now re-opened, free of vices and more accessible than before. A government decree issued last June paved the way for subsidization of certain items that allowed Cubans of all classes to enjoy these clubs. Once only restricted to the bourgoise and exploitative elements of society, Havana's bars are now the most popular date place for young teens or perfect get out places for working class Cubans looking to unwind.[/pre]

[pre]Dancers, once merely an excuse for hedonistic shows of low quality and fetishizations of the female body, has transformed into a more appropriate art, with storytelling on display and the beuty of dance on full show. Touching and any form of harrasment towards the dancers and singers are strictly forbidden, most of the dancers have come from the newly formed National School of the Arts which also has begun to supply dancers for the National Ballet. [/pre]

[pre]Another recent degree has authorized these nightclubs and bars to be one of the few business institutions in Cuba that accepts foreign currency and exchange, with a clear aim of making these bars a premier tourist destination that will provide hard currency for the country. This has followed some recent attempts by the Cuban government to revitalize and rebirth the Cuban tourism industry which once made up a large portion of its economy.[/pre]

[pre]The nightclubs and bars have also begun to once again be a place to put Cuban culture on show, this time with a socialist twist. Barlesque shows now show stories of freeing of the slaves, another shows a fight against patriarchal expectations, while another showcases the history of Cuba's national struggle against imperialist interests. Cuban men sitting in the crowd and enjoying the shows are often accompanied by wives or friends, a stark change from previous customers who only had one hedonistic intent on their minds. [/pre]

[pre]Areas that were formerly dedicated to prostitution and gambling, have now been replaced with military recruitors, political propaganda, and retailers selling government products. [/pre]

[pre]Nightclubs and bars are of course now more heavily regulated, all of the alcohol contents are managed by the government, there's strong oversight on the bars to ensure that the vices of gambling and drugs do not make a reappearance, a portion of the profits have to go to the government following the introduction of a new set of taxes. However on the other hand, the government has also offered support for these buseinesses in exchange of cooperation, such as credit and direct subsidies of electricity. With bustling and vibrant clubs, a larger amounts of Cubans enjoying the entertainment, and a potential to become tourist traps, Cuba's night life seems like its not going away soon.[/pre]

[/sup]

______________

[pre]

VIVA CUBA!

VIVA CHE!

VIVA FIDEL![/pre]

Rutannia, Paseo, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Cheezaslovakia, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

| REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE |

[sub]29th of July, 1963[/sub]

| The election campaign of 1963 will go down as one of the most intense in Zairean history. The three major candidates, MERKAZI, ABURU and OKOMBI went head to head throughout the majority of the campaign. MERKAZI focusing on her government achievements, tried to rally the countryside to take the votes away from the Communist UDULU; OKOMBI went for the new Gabon states of Zaire, trying to gather support from a much more conservative in viewpoint people; ABURU went urban into the largest cities and towns, trying to find a common ground with the small business owners. It was impossible to tell to which candidate would be the frontrunner, until the debate night of 20th of July.

The first historical debate between the three major candidates for the position of the First Representative was televised throughout the country, allowing everyone to get a glimpse into the minds and programs of the three candidates. For some, the debate was a win, for others a major lose. As much as MERKAZI was leading the polls until the debate, her lack-luster, rather administrative talk made her boring. Despite bringing up excellent ideas and points in regard to her governance, the audience seemed bored of her. ABURU, was too shouty. He treated the debate as televised speech, which was an absolute disaster for him. OKOMBI, on the other hand, used the opportunity in the best way. She looked incredible, she struck at the emotions of the people, promising a change, a cultural shift and an economic prosperity whilst dressing her words in charisma and charm. She outclassed them both by a mile.

That was enough for the voters. But not only did she shine in the debate, her ideals reach out to the new generation of Zaire. The generation born between 1940 and and 1946. the BANZA GENERATION, are the educated, freedom-loving, liberty seeking, capitalistic orientated generation of Zaire. The youth. The very youth that are now voting. The BANZA generation is the second largest in Zaire, currently, and OKOMBI was not reaching out to the COLONIAL GENERATION, she was reaching out to them throughout the campaign and the debate in particular. Despite the economic changes and some social changes, the BANZA GENERATION are in dire need for a major cultural shift in Zaire, and a major economic hope for their future, something OKOMBI outright promises and proposes. The 1963 elections were not just about who will rule, it was about which generation will have the larger say. |

[list]ELECTION RESULTS FOR THE FIRST REPRESENTATIVE; 1963[/list]

Turnout; 8.0 Million people had cast their vote ( 72.0% )

MARGOT OKOMBI - Future & Progress Movement - has gained 52.1% of the votes ( 4,168,000 ) giving the FPM 208 Seats in the National Congress.

CELINE MERKAZI - National Liberal Revival Party - has gained 22.1% of the votes ( 1,768,000 ) giving NLRP 88 Seats in the National Congress.

GABRIEL ABURU - Zaire Democratic Reform Party - has gained 17.3% of the votes ( 1,384,000 ) giving ZDRP 69 Seats in the National Congress.

MARIE UDULU - Communist Front - has gained 6.2% of the votes ( 496,000 ) giving CF 24 Seats in the National Congress.

FABIAN MALONGA - Conservative Party - has gained 2.3% of the votes ( 184,000 ) giving CP 9 Seats in the National Congress.[/list]

| MARGOT OKOMBI has won the First Representative elections. After 23 years of singular rule, the National Liberal Revival Party has been dethroned, losing its power after the three decades in power. OKOMBI will be able to form a government that will rule without the need of a coalition partner. During her campaign, OKOMBI promised that within her first 100 days in power, she will deliver upon six major reforms which are;

- BEGINING OF A CULTURAL RESET OF ZAIRE

- EXPANSION OF WORKER RIGHTS IN ZAIRE

- EXPANSION OF MILITARY SPENDING IN ZAIRE

- EXPANSION OF EDUCATION AND HIGHER EDUCATION

- EXPANSION OF TRADE EXPORTS

- EXPANSION OF RELATIONS WITH NEW AFRICAN STATES

In her victory speech, MARGOT OKOMBI, alludes to expansion of Zairean international position, liberalisation of the country and creation of a new cultural generation of Zaire.|

[list][ MARGOT OKOMBI, First Representative of Zaire ]: "C'est un honneur inouï que de bénéficier de la confiance et de la foi de vous tous pour devenir la force motrice de notre pays. Avec cette confiance et cette foi, je ferai tout ce qui est en mon pouvoir pour vous donner la sécurité, la liberté que vous méritez, que vous voulez et que vous voyez dans l'avenir pour nous tous. Trois décennies d'existence du Parti du renouveau libéral national ont radicalement changé notre pays et nous ont permis de nous hisser au niveau de nombreuses autres nations sur le plan économique. Mais sur le plan culturel et social, nous avons encore du pain sur la planche. Je dis qu'il est temps d'enlever les chaînes de la mentalité colonialiste que tant d'entre nous ont encore, sous la forme de l'Église, des chefs tribaux et des absurdités superstitieuses ! Je dis que cela suffit. Je dis que nous devons commencer notre propre révolution culturelle, une révolution pour faire émerger, pour créer le véritable esprit zaïrois qui sommeille en chacun de nous. L'esprit de la liberté africaine, de la justice, de la prospérité et de l'amour!"

[spoiler="I say, we begin our own cultural revolution, a revolution to bring out...the spirit of African liberty, freedom, justice, prosperity and love..." - MARGOT OKOMBI, First Representative of Zaire]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

CONVENTION OF DAKAR ESTABLISHING A FRAMEWORK FOR ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP WITH CERTAIN AFRICAN, CARAIBEAN AND PACIFIC COUNTRIES (ACP 1)

An agreement between

The European Community,

and

[list of signatories]

[EXTRACTS]

TITLE 1 - TRADE

Article 1.

With a view to promoting an increase of trade between the Associated States and the Member States, strengthening their economic relations and the economic independence of the Partner States and thereby contributing to the development of international trade, the High Contracting Parties have agreed upon the following provisions which shall regulate their mutual trade relations.

Chapter 1.

Customs Duties and Quantitative Restrictions

Article 2.

Goods originating in ACP States shall, when imported into Member States, benefit from the progressive reduction and future abolition of customs duties and charges having an effect equivalent to such duties.

At the same time Member States shall apply the common customs tariff duties of the Community to imports of these goods from third countries.

Article 3.

Each ACP State shall accord identical tariff treatment to goods originating in any of the Member States ; ACP States not applying this rule on the entry into force of this Convention shall do so within the following six months.

Article 6.

ACP States shall, not later than four years after the entry into force of the Convention, abolish quantitative restrictions on imports of goods originating in Member States and all measures having equivalent effect in a list established in a protocol listing the items which are considered as free to flow without limit.

ACP States reduce their tariffs of 7% to 4% by 1st January 1967.

ACP States shall refrain from introducing any new quantitative restrictions or measures having equivalent effect on imports of goods originating in Member States.

The European Community reduces tariffs in the same way of ACP States.

SAFETY CLAUSE

Should the measures provided for in Article 3 prove insufficient to meet their development needs and their industrialization requirements, or in the event of difficulties in their balance of payments, or, where agricultural products are concerned, in connection with the requirements arising from existing regional] market organizations, Associated States may, (…) retain or introduce quantitative restrictions on imports of goods originating in Member States.

TITLE 2 - FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

Article 16.

For the purposes set out in Article 15, and fur the duration of this Convention, an aggregate amount of 730 million units of account shall be provided as follows :

a) 669 million units of account by the Member States; this amount. to be paid into the European Development Fund, hereinafter referred to as « the Fund », shall be employed up to 629 million units of account in the form of grants and the balance in the form of loans on special terms;

b) up to 64 million units of account by the European Investment Bank. hereinafter referred to as « the Bank », in the form of loans: granted by it under the terms set out in Protocol No. 5 concerning the administration of the financial aids, annexed to this Convention.

Article 19.

The Bank loans referred to in Article 16 b) may carry a rebate on the interest. The rate of such rebates may be up to 3% on loans of a maximum duration of 25 years.

The amounts required to pay such rebates shall, so long as the Fund exists, be charged to the amount of the grants provided for in Article 16 a).

[...]

Article 21

The details of the financial plan and its allocations shall be established in an annexed protocol by 1st January 1967.

TITLE 3. RIGHT OF ESTABLISHEMENT, SERVICES AND CAPITAL

Article 29.

Without prejudice to measures adopted in implementation of the Treaty, in each Associated State nationals and companies of every Member State shall be placed on an equal footing as regards the right of establishment and provision of services, progressively and not later than three years after the entry into force of this Convention.

SIGNED BY

CHAD

ZAIRE

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

[pre]| AUGUST AOÛT 1963 |[/pre]

[list][list][list][pre]CAR ★ THE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka KTB

République centrafricaine RCF |[/pre][/list][/list][/list]

A SECRET SOCIETY FORMS IN BANGUI UNDER HIDDEN MANAGEMENT :

THE SOCIETY OF THE FAITHFUL PATRIOTS BEGIN ORGANIZATION EFFORTS AMONG CHRISTIANS AND MILITARISTS!

UNE SOCIÉTÉ SECRÈTE SE FORME À BANGUI SOUS GESTION CACHÉE :

LA SOCIÉTÉ DES FIDÈLES PATRIOTES COMMENCE DES EFFORTS D'ORGANISATION PARMI LES CHRÉTIENS ET LES MILITARISTES !

[pre]| As socialist and leftist thought seemed to grow and softly flourish in the Dacko Administration, a reserve has happened as those opposed to these changes searched for more radical solutions to prevent the Leftization of The Central African Republic. Some Churches in Bangui in the Young Republic have become meeting grounds for those of Francophile tendencies and broader Hard-Right views angered by the recent developments of the Dacko regime’s perceived openness to Socialism. The churches also allowed this group to bond its views and goals with the Ultra-Religious type in the Christian population. Although a relatively small faction in the mainly Apolitical Central African population this force of soon to be thugs would be the most likely to have received military training from the French Armed Forces in their lives. A motivated force of combat trained men could wreak havoc on the small Central African Armed Forces. |[/pre]

[pre]| Officially a non centralized group of Preachers and Pastors leading this movement in limited cooperation would be the leaders of the group. Unofficially though the talking points of these religious men would be handed down to them by Bokassa in secrecy as he builds further support against incumbent President Dacko. The Young dissatisfied men of Central Africa would be the target of Bokassa’s efforts who may be dissatisfied by the lack of dramatic change from Independence. |[/pre]

[list][list][pre]UNITY, DIGNITY, WORK[/pre][/list][/list]

[list][list][pre]UNITÉ, DIGNITÉ, TRAVAIL[/pre][/list][/list]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Amsterwald, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

[list][ THE SOMALI REPUBLIC]

[sub] One People Different Peoples

JUNE 1963[/sub]

[list]XAMAR | MOGADISHU

[sub]The Capital[/sub][/list][/list]

[sub]IS THE SOMALI REAL?[/sub]

[list][sub]| It had been 5 years since the Great Somali Revolt which established the Somali Republic. Although its various territories were united under this mythical ideology of Pan-Somalism, it's hard to say who the people were. In fact, they never were. Before the Italians, the Brits, or the French came in, the Somalis never united or viewed the Somali as an actual entity. It was always allegiance to the clan and the family, not random strangers who happened to speak the same language. Despite the massive amounts of leaflets produced and distributed trying to rid the nation of this mindset, old habits die hard. Ironically, as much as the governments and intellectuals hated to admit it, the Somali identity was really introduced by the Italians, who pursued the creation of Grande Somalia to enlarge their Somalia Italiana. Since then, the idea had been twisted and warped for populism, to try to create solidarity amongst this mass of nomads. The mechanisms of colonialism never truly left. |[/sub][/list]

[sub]PATTERNS CONTINUE[/sub]

[list][sub]| This division manifested between the North, known as Somaliland, and the South, known just as Somalia proper. Somaliland had been colonized by the British, and Somalia by the Italians, which led to problems later on. Even though the Somali rebellion had managed to encompass both of these lands despite different cultures, it was not a result of the strength of Pan-Somalism, but rather just dissent against an overextended Ethiopian monarchy. In fact, after the rebellion, the Northerners and Southerners almost immediately began squabbling again over clans, government, grazing rights, and so on... only further international councils were able to give temporary solutions. The British policy of indirect rule had allowed local decentralized traditional structures of governance to entrench themselves in Somaliland, but Mussolini's fascism had its way of centralizing Somalia proper and the disintegration of these traditional governance structures. Therefore, the local economic elites left behind by colonialism had divergent interests, and thus exists the disjointed Somali economy, divided in North and South. |[/sub][/list]

[sub]COMMON POLITICKING[/sub]

[list][sub]| Unexpectedly, the Somali people had wholeheartedly accepted and enjoyed the new role in governance and politics they were able to play. If there was one thing Western ideals and Somali values agreed upon, it was the freedom of expression in legal and political society, as the political arena became a space for all members of society. Well not really. The Somali assembly had approved laws ratifying women's suffrage (granted after a long period of lobbying Somalilander politicians), but women still played a lower role in society, and their representation in terms of female politicians was close to non-existent. However, politics had become a national pastime, with new advancements in radio allowing almost everyone in the country to keep track of political developments. This pastime was so widespread that political engagement in Somalia often if not most of the time exceeded European countries'. |[/sub][/list]

[sub]THE SPECTRE OF LONELINESS[/sub]

[list][sub]| But this engagement wasn't because they cared about policies, but because the Somali people had no clue what this country was for. There was no national identity, no connection beyond the clan, just the knowledge that now instead of a group of Italian rich men in charge, just as foreign, a group of rich men who happened to speak Somali. The question that lingered in every Somali's mind was: 'What consisted of a Somali?' Nobody had the answer. This new unfamiliar ethnicity had come out of the blue through a spontaneous revolt by some military men, and now was being forced upon the people without even knowing what it was. As the government continuously failed to answer this question, clan loyalties only strengthened, as in the midst of this period of chaos, only kin could be trusted. To even favorably interact with a member of another clan would be considered betrayal, let alone the dreaded inter-clan marriage. The government's solution? More conflict. |[/sub][/list]

[sub]SOMALIA IRREDENTA[/sub]

[list][sub]| Like said before, nobody could answer the question of what consisted of a Somali. Instead of answering, the government just declared that the nation's mission was not complete until they united all Somalis. A decent solution, albeit a bandage one. Administrators immediately pointed fingers toward the Kenyans, who unrightfully occupied the NFD region, which was 99% Somali, towards the French for occupying Djibouti, and towards the Ethiopians, because why not. The old generation had seen this same ploy play over and over, from Mussolini to Haile Selassie, to the Generals, and now the Republic. The youth, on the other hand, were more susceptible to accepting this explanation to their question. That what a Somali was could not be defined until all Somalis were united. The government, of course, capitalized on this insanely small talking point and blew it out of proportion. Almost every single policy enacted was claimed to help achieve this goal. Even the Somali flag had been plastered with a 5-pointed star, each point symbolizing a part of Somalia that has or should be liberated (Somalia, Somaliland, Ogaden, NFD, and Djibouti). However, this hyper-fixation would prove to be the downfall of the current party, as Somali National Identities were replaced with Somali National Rifts, the young hunger and pressure to fix these rifts only made the fight for a cohesive Somalia a losing one.|[/sub][/list]

[spoiler=[sub]its 2 am bro[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Arcanda, Lieobria, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, Abessinienreich, New Provenance, Tallahan, Greater Kurdistane, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Kyntosia, Mutawakkiliti

[pre]The Project of Democracy[/pre]

[pre]JULY, 1963[/pre]

President Kwame Nkrumah set to make deal with leading Islamic figures in Northern Ghana

The region of Northern Ghana was very much unique to Ghana. While the south and much of Ghana has a whole was a Christian-dominated space, the Northern Region had historically been an Islamic region and since independence had been under the influence of various Islamic leaders, some who had vyed for political and religious autonomy or those who had been supporters of the Nkrumah regime. Not only were they unique in their religious difference to the rest of Ghana, generally, but were economically unique with Ghana's largest iron ore reserves and one of the nation's key rural centres. His visit to the Northern Region was to begin discussions over his "democratisation of Ghana" in which it's aim was to increase minority representation, establish a new semi-presidential system of governance and the enhancement of a pluralist democracy. The visit was also mostly focused on talks with United Party leader and the face of Ghanese Islam, Kofi Abrefa Busia, who while also the Leader of the Opposition, was the key figure in Islamic Politics and if a deal would be made with him, would likely see much of the Islamic community, local government and governors follow suit.

President Nkrumah had cited opposition in his party to the establishment of a secularist democracy based upon local governance, freedom of religion and political pluralism, with the CPP also facing strong influence from reactionaries in the military, led by General Joseph Arthur Ankrah. Opposing both his economic policies on democratic socialism and his embracement of democracy, Ankrah had begun establishing a chain of powerful supporters, including business leaders, members of the Bank of Ghana (BOG) as-well as other key government institutions. Much like President Nkrumah, he was charismatic and was already developing a cult of personality around himself in preparation. Key supporters of Nkrumah, including his Minister of Foreign Affairs Ako Adjei and his right-hand man and de-facto second in command, Kofi Baako, as his Minister of the Interior, has urged the President in recent months to move towards a new democratically pure nation via holding a series of deals with minority groups, opposition parties, tribal leaders and businesses across the country to gain further support from influential areas up and down Ghana. If they were to avoid a power struggle between Nkrumah Loyalists and the reactionary elements in the public sphere. Kwame knew that if was successful in his approach to a more pure and representative democracy, he could effectively oust Ankrah and his growing set of supporters in or out of parliamentary politics, to nothing less than a minor speed bump.

The deal with Kofi Abrefa Busia would include the creation of a religious commission for the Islamic minority population within parliament, legalisation of religious or minority group parties, freedom of religion concerning the Islamic faith and a guarantee of the 1965 Constitution to include religious protections and religious freedoms. However, after carving the first of many deals, he knew the real battle would occur against the Ghana Armed Forces, currently under the influence of General Ankrah, an opponent of his democratic reforms as-well as his economic policy, proposing the liberalisation of the economy. He arranged meeting with Bashiru Kwaw-Swanzy, who was recently been appointed as Minister for the Armed Forces, a lower-ranked role in government. While he had been demoted, he still remained a key ally and someone who had the influence and power to take down Ankrah.

Rutannia, Lieobria, Victoria Harbor, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

In Italian Grand Prix

ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

[list][sup]Monza, Italy

8 September 1963[/list][/sup]

[sup]During the Italian Grand Prix race in Monza, the Emir Al-Abbas bin Ahmad stood in the crowd while watching the race and was excited, while Ronald "Ron" Hayman was standing at the top of the grandstand talking to someone and secretly handing him something. Then he returned to where the Emir was standing and asked him: Who did you bet on?[/sup]

[list][sup]The Emir: I bet on the New Zealander Bruce McLaren.

Ron watches the cars cross the finish line.

The Emir: He came in third place.

Ron: Oh you lost the bet.

The Emir, without caring about the loss: Who were you talking to?

Ron: A shipment I was delivering on our way.

The Emir: What is its content?

Ron: Why so many questions, Mr. Manager?

The Emir: Because I am responsible, and if there is anything illegal, it will harm my reputation

Ron: Isn’t a monthily transfer to your account enough to reassure you, whatever the content?

The Emir is silent and thinks ...

Ron, we can raise the salary so that you can be more reassured, sir, and now let us enjoy this trip, it is italy.

[/list][/sup]

[spoiler=OOC] I apologize for publishing before the time of the role play reaches September 8, due to my work schedule[/spoiler]

[list][spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler][/list]

Rutannia, Arcanda, Lieobria, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

Atomic Aspirations: Romania's Nuclear Energy Vision Unveiled at Historic Craiova Scientific Congress

[sub]September 1963, Central Committee of The Communist Party of Romania, Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania[/sub]

| At the first scientific Congress held in the city of Craiova, Comrade Constantin Rotaru, General Secretary of The Communist Party of Romania, President of The Presidium of The Great National Assembly, President of The Socialist Republic of Romania, Supreme Commander of The People's Army, beloved and esteemed son of all Romanian people, made a historic declaration that reverberated throughout the nation and the COMECON. In his address, he outlined Romania's ambitious nuclear pursuits and its will of collaboration with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to achieve energy independence and scientific advancement.

| His Excellency, Comrade Rotaru, highlighted Romania's steadfast commitment to harnessing nuclear power for the benefit of its citizens. He emphasized the critical role of nuclear energy in achieving energy independence and reducing dependence on external sources. His Excellency, The Genius of The Carpathians underscored the need for sustainable development and self-sufficiency, envisioning a future where Romania would lead in scientific and technological advancements.

[sub]"Our great nation, under the guidance of the Communist Party, has made remarkable strides in the realm of science and technology. From 1952 to 1963, we have witnessed unprecedented scientific progress that has set the foundation for a prosperous and self-sustained future. Our dedication to scientific advancement and energy independence shall propel us towards a new era, symbolized by the establishment of the first Romanian Nuclear Power Plant by the year 1975. We extend our hand to the Soviet Union to help us in this journey." - Comrade Constantin Rotaru, beloved and esteemed leader of The Socialist Republic of Romania[/sub]

[sub]| The first Scientific Congress was seen as a success in determining Romania`s Nuclear future and creating a fully independent state regarding energy. The Socialist Republic of Romania led by The Genius of The Carpathians, Constantin Rotaru, General Secretary of The Communist Party of Romania, President of The Presidium of The Great National Assembly, President of The Socialist Republic of Romania, Supreme Commander of The People's Army, beloved and esteemed son of all Romanian people, awaits the Soviet response to the Craiova declaration. |[/sub]

[sub]Trăiască Partidul Comunist Român în frunte cu al său secretar general, tovarășul Constantin Rotaru![/sub]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Ababemba

Adriatican Islands

Alzarikstan

Amsterwald

Anglo Channel

Arcanda

Bayern Kahla

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Canovia

Cascadla

Central Arstotzka

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Hashemite Kingdoms

Hatzburg

Honghai

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

La Granadinas

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Moroavia

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Nonador

Nosautempopulus

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Reyzen

Rutannia

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sri-Lanka

Sudesam

Taiiwan

Teymour

The Black Star-

The Sun States

Turkiye 1St

Ubertica

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Lieobria, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Cheezaslovakia, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

Revolutionary Waves: Port of Constanta Embarks on a Path of Modernization and Growth under Comrade Rotaru's Visionary Leadership

[sub]September 1963, Central Committee of The Communist Party of Romania, Bucharest, Socialist Republic of Romania[/sub]

| During a formal meeting between the Prime Minister of Romania - Chivu Stoica, the Minister of Economy and Industry - Vasile Luca and His Excellency, The Genius of The Carpathians, he outlined an ambitious vision for the expansion and modernization of the Port of Constanta by the year 1966.

| Under His Excellency`s visionary leadership, the Port of Constanta was programmed for a series of substantial upgrades and expansion, aimed at enhancing trade capabilities and strengthening Romania's position in the global maritime network. The newly proposed modernization plan aimed to triple the port's handling capacity, turning it into a pivotal hub for both domestic and international trade, has been approved by Comrade Constantin Rotaru with the expansion set to begin in the year 1964 and finish by 1966.

| The blueprint includes the construction of new state-of-the-art berths, specialized terminals, and advanced cargo-handling equipment. Additionally, a comprehensive transportation infrastructure overhaul was planned to streamline connectivity with major industrial centers across the country. These improvements were projected to significantly reduce transit times and increase the efficiency of goods movement, thereby attracting more trade partners and boosting the national economy. With the Danube-Black Sea canal expected to be finished in 1965, it will also increase trade on the Danube.

| His Excellency Comrade Rotaru together with the Prime Minister and Minister of Economy and Indsutry envisioned that by the target year of 1966, these transformative initiatives would position the Port of Constanta as a leading maritime hub in the Black Sea region. The port's enhanced capacity and efficiency are forecasted to boost trade volumes by over 150%, generating substantial economic growth for Romania. Moreover, the project is expected to create thousands of new jobs, improving the livelihoods of the Romanian people and solidifying their faith in His Excellency`s National-Communist vision of progress and prosperity.

[sub]| The modernization of the Constanta Port is set to begin in the year 1964 with it being finished in 1966. It is considered "A great necessity for the Romanian nation, for the Romanian people and the Romanian economy" by Minister of Economy and Industry, Vasile Luca |[/sub]

[sub]Trăiască Partidul Comunist Român în frunte cu al său secretar general, tovarășul Constantin Rotaru![/sub]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Ababemba

Adriatican Islands

Alzarikstan

Amsterwald

Anglo Channel

Arcanda

Bayern Kahla

Bescania

Brazil Toucan

Canovia

Cascadla

Central Arstotzka

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Hashemite Kingdoms

Hatzburg

Honghai

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

La Granadinas

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Moroavia

Nevbrejnovitz

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Nonador

Nosautempopulus

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Reyzen

Rutannia

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sri-Lanka

Sudesam

Taiiwan

Teymour

The Black Star-

The Sun States

Turkiye 1St

Ubertica

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Lieobria, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Cheezaslovakia, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

[list]SEPTEMBER 1963

[sub]JAPAN IN SPACE[/sub][/list]

[pre]HIDEO ITOKAWA AND JAPAN’s FLEDGLING SPACE RESEARCH PROGRAMME[/pre]

TOKYO UNIVERSITY

[sub]TOKYO, Nippon-Nihon[/sub]

[sub]The SAN FRANCISCO Peace Treaty of 1951 allowed the development of aviation technology in Japan following the Second World War. Professor HIDEO ITOKAWA of Tokyo University established an aviation research group at the Institute of Industrial Science at Tokyo University in 1951. In 1955, the same group successfully horizontally launched the so-called “Pencil Rocket” - 9.1 in long and 0.71 in in diameter, a miniscule rocket compared to others of the time - in Kokubunji, Tokyo.[/sub]

[sub]The Pencil Rocket was slowly expanded by Itokawa’s ambitious group in their university experimentation, to the point where experimentation in Kokubunji became dangerous. The launch site shifted to Michikawa Beach in Akita Prefecture, from which the group would develop further iterations of sounding rockets - the larger Baby Rocket (reached an altitude of 6 km), a rockoon-type rocket launched from a balloon, and a ground-launched rocket. The Kappa family of early rockets were built starting from 1956, but due to inadequate funding, the rockets were handmade, and thus production was reliant on trial and error.[/sub]

[sub]In 1958, however, Itokawa and his team received national attention when they launched the Kappa 6 rocket to an altitude of 40 km (25 mi), allowing the team to collect sufficient data to allow them to partake in the International Geophysical Year. In 1960, the Kappa 8 exceeded the Karman Line and became the first Japanese rocket to enter space officially.[/sub]

[sub]Government involvement in Japan’s space programs began in earnest in the early 1960s, when Japan’s space and research programs would be primarily focused on delivering satellites to orbits for both Japanese and international customers - a business model the government viewed as potentially profitable. The Science and Technology Agency at the time planned to develop the Lambda family of rockets as successor to the Kappa family, but these plans materialized slowly.[/sub]

[sub]By this time, in 1963, the Japanese government passed new legislation beginning a slow but sure increase in funding on the development of Japan’s space capabilities. The U.S. and the Soviet Union were already well-ahead in this field, and the National Diet saw it necessary to ensure that Japan would be able to keep pace in this regard. The Science and Technology Agency was restructured earlier this year into the National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL), which would be the ew center for government-sponsored research on space technology.[/sub]

[sub]Japan’s splintered and factional Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), however, would be unable to allocate the funds necessary, leaving the NAL with insufficient coffers for now.[/sub]

[sub]Nonetheless, private development would continue under the sponsorship and watchful master eye of Itokawa and his team, which had by now strong ties to the NAL and other scientific departments within the Japanese government.[/sub]

[sub]On the grounds of the Tokyo University and elsewhere, Itokawa led conferences and made speeches urging the government in Tokyo to take action and establish a “firm and reliable” plan for Japan to reach for the stars.[/sub]

[sub]“While our counterparts in Moscow and Washington launch men, we have neglected our own abilities and have chosen to restrict ourselves to launching the weight equivalent of a sack of rocks,” Itokawa told a group of students in Kagoshima Prefecture, this August of 1963.[/sub]

[sub]The National Diet is expected to hear testimonies from Itokawa and other senior members of the National Aerospace Laboratory on the issue within this month and the next, but expectations for serious progress remain slim except among optimists.[/sub]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Arcanda, Lieobria, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

[list]September 1963

[sub]The Social Democrats in Power[/sub][/list]

[pre]E I N I G K E I T U N D R E C H T U N D F R E I H E I T[/pre]

BRANDT AS BUNDESKANZLER

[sub]BONN, THE FEDERAL CAPITAL, New Provenance[/sub]

| The 1961 federal elections delivered, for the first time in the Federal Republic's relatively short history, a mandate for the center-left Social Democratic Party and the centrist Free Democratic Party (FDP) to govern in the country's first progressive coalition government. Willy Brandt and his SPD had won 42.9% of the vote, while the FDP had won 9.5% of the vote - a plurality had been won by the center-right Christian Democrats (44.8%), and the center-right German Democrats (2.0%). When Brandt took the position of Chancellor for the first time that same year, he pledged a massive sweeping government reform program that would include the implementation of sustainable, affordable housing developments in urban cities across Germany, the construction of a strong public transportation system supplemented by a modern autobahn, as well as the invitation of foreign companies to invest and grow in Germany. Brandt on the foreign policy front presented his own vision for OSTPOLITIK, which affirmed that reconciliation with the Eastern Bloc and East Germany in particular was the best path for peace and prosperity for the German people. |

| Like Schumacher and Ollenhauer before him, Brandt presented to the public a seriously ambitious set of goals that his government would embark on to achieve. These promises were made before the coalition with the economically market-centered and the socially progressive Free Democratic Party was made, but Brandt reiterated these promises time and time again throughout his tenure as Germany's head of government. Since the 1961 election, Brandt's government has passed multiple significant pieces of legislation, including: |

[list][pre]- Basic Education Development Act of 1961 (Supported by the SPD, FDP, opposed by the CDU-CSU, DPD)

- Highways Development Act of 1962 (Supported by the SPD, CDU-CSU, opposed by the DPD, FDP)

- Science and Technology Education Act of 1962 (Supported by the SPD, CDU-CSU, opposed by the FDP, DPD)

- Aerospace Development Act of 1963 (Supported by the SPD, CDU-CSU, opposed by the FDP, DPD)

- National Affordable Housing Development Plan of 1963 (Supported by the SPD, FDP, opposed by the CDU-CSU, DPD)

- Sustainable Cities Plan of 1962 (Supported by the SPD, FDP, opposed by the CDU-CSU, DPD)[/pre][/list]

| The Free Democratic Party proved to be a reasonably reliable, albeit feisty coalition partner to the Social Democrats and to Brandt's government. The FDP was led by Erich Mende, a moderate with progressive leanings. Early on he established strong rapport and a good personal relationship with Chancellor Brandt, and was supportive of many SPD initiatives throughout the time of the coalition government so far. Most prominently, the FDP were ardent supporters of the Basic Education Development Act, which sought to invest in building quality and high-standard elementary and high schools structured to a modernized academic curriculum, and the Sustainable Cities Plan, which sought to redraw planning practices to make it easier to build homes while encouraging modern zoning practices. Mende and his free market party largely only broke on the SPD on the economy, which resulted in Brandt's failure to pass bills concerning the limitation of corporate influence in German politics, new regulations on German railways, as well as a bill to encourage foreign investment and corporations to settle in Germany. |

| Overall, the SPD according to popular consensus has performed "moderately well" on domestic issues, with 49% of voters at this time approving of the Chancellor and his policies. The economy has not grown on the levels it did in the Fifties under Adenauer and the CDU/CSU, but the stagnation seen under Kiesinger's tenure has now halted, with growth being reported from Q2 1962 onwards in multiple sectors of the economy. The issue that the SPD has been most hard-pressed on, then, is foreign policy. Brandt has been a strong proponent of a uniquely new style of approaching foreign policy: OSTPOLITIK. First conceptualized by him during his time writing for newspapers, Brandt envisioned a foreign policy that was more conciliatory and amenable towards the Eastern Bloc and the German Democratic Republic, which to this point in time the Federal Republic has largely ignored despite both nations having claims on the same area of land. Brandt argued publicly and frequently that war would become inevitable if the Western Bloc continued its "status quo policies", pointing to the Cuban Missile Crisis as proof of the "fragility of world we live in". |

| While Brandt has talked big about making Germans feel safer when it concerns the Eastern Bloc and the Communist alliance to the east of the Federal Republic, no significant action in this area has been taken, causing Brandt to be exposed on his foreign policy flank ever since the summer of 1962, when the FDP voted alongside the CDU/CSU and the DPD to empower the Bundeswehr and provide historic investments into Germany's own arms industry. The SPD had opposed that bill, calling it "unnecessary" considering the large NATO presence in Germany. No significant action towards proper reconciliation and the establishment of rapport with the DDR has yet to be made, with the Bundestag and Mende's FDP being the main players in holding up the country in that area. The Chancellor has worked to soften the country's rhetoric on multiple issues, but is more quiet than some were expecting due to the sensitivity of the issue of the German Democratic Republic. The Chancellor has rejected any notion of concessions in any way or form to the DDR, but clarified that his "commitment to peace" still remained. |

| Polling indicates that Brandt is weakest on foreign policy, with only 41% of voters supporting Ostpolitik policies, against 50% who believe it to be a step in the wrong direction. On the other hand, 55% of voters support strengthening the armed forces and developing Germany's self-defense capabilities, against only 33% who oppose. Brandt has so far established himself to be a stabilizing chancellor, less polarizing and left-leaning in terms of policy than many had been expecting. However, moving forward and ever closer to the next election, the SPD must seek alternative policy programs and ways to achieve existing policy pledges if it wishes to maintain or even expand upon its current coalition government in the Bundestag. |

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Arcanda, Lieobria, Amsterwald, Pontianus, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Tallahan, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

Argentina in 1963

Tracing its roots to the Spanish Viceroyalties of South America established during the 16th century, Argentina is a nation that has been blessed both in land, resources and potential. Beginning as an unstable confederal state following intense wars of independence against its colonial master, Argentina won its independence from Spain in 1828. Led initially by one of its founders, José de San Martín the nation experienced a brief period of stability and unity which ended with his retirement from politics in 1837. A series of conflicts over the conflicting interests of the Province of Buenos Aires and the confederal nature of the nascent state rocked the country for most of the mid-19th century.

The Federalists emerged victorious from the conflict, suppressing the interests of the powerful Buenos Aires and Santiago elite and unifying the country for the first time since its independence. Under President Manuel Montt, the nation expanded its borders by finalizing the Campaign on the Desert, displacing indigenous peoples in the Patagonian region. Montt lead settlement efforts in the region, further expanding Argentina's already sizable territory. He also expanded foreign trade, particularly with Britain, Brazil and the United States, and reformed the military. Montt's term preceded several decades of reform and development that pushed the nation to become one of the leading nations on the continent by the turn of the 19th century.

However, while Argentina's economic growth continued, its political situation began to deteriorate. A combination of labor discontent, inflation, the emergence of competing political elite, rivalries between various local and foreign business interests and the re-emergence of the Buenos Aires-Santiago rivalry slowly plunged an otherwise stable nation into crisis. The dominant political forces of the era, the Partido Conservador (Conservative Party) and the Partido Liberal (Liberal Party) became vehicles for elite infighting and the protection of special interests. Local elections were heavily contested and national elections became increasingly chaotic. Tensions exploded into civil war during the 1900 election, which was contested over suspicions of fraud.

The war was fought by armed militias and military deserters while the Argentine army remained neutral, refusing to back either the government or the contesting forces. Eventually, the armed forces intervened under the directives of the Chief of the General Staff, Jorge Montt who overthrew the incumbent President and suppressed the Liberal Party under Bartolomé Mitre. Montt established himself as military dictator and reorganized the national government into the Consejo de Reconstrucción Nacional (CRN) which was tasked with rebuilding and reforming the country after the civil war. Before his death, Montt and other legal experts wrote and promulgated a new constitution establishing a successor administration inspired by the Roman Republic of old.

From 1922 to 1952, Argentina was ruled by the Consejo Nacional de Gobierno (CNG), a triumvirate which formed the executive body of the national government. It was composed of three individuals, each leading equally powerful 'branches' of government. The executive, legislative and military were equally represented in the Council which needed to make decisions based on consensus. De-jure, the Council was led by its Chairman -the chief of the executive branch-, however power rested upon the Council itself making Argentina a nation ruled by a directorial system.

In 1949, Council Chairman and President of the Republic Pedro Pablo Ramírez signed off on Council Decree 2070 which directed the Senate to elect a Constitutional Convention to begin drafting a new constitution ahead of the resumption of democratic elections and the restoration of the 1829 Presidential system. A year later, the 40-member Constitutional Convention presented its final draft to the Senate which unanimously approved several amendments to the 1828 Constitution. The new constitution, largely based on its 19th century predecessor, restored civil rights, democratic elections, unbanned the political parties, and also restored the bicameral Congress. Elections were subsequently scheduled for 1952.

The 1952 General Election and its sequel in 1956, showed not only the Argentinian people's ardent support for democracy and constitutional rule, but it also showcased the definitive end of early 20th century political divisions. The old Liberal Party and Conservative Party had their worst electoral performance since their creation in the 19th century, heralding the end of the Conservative-Liberal two-party system that dominated Argentinian politics in the 19th and early 20th century. Instead, the overwhelming majority of votes were cast for emerging parties. Political parties such as the Socialist Party, the Intransigent Radical Civic Union, the Christian Democratic Party, the National Party and the Justicialist Party made their respective debuts with wide public support. A new era of personality and policy-based politics had arrived, effectively ending the party-based loyalty system that had otherwise dominated Argentine politics for years.

In 1952, the charismatic and populist Justicialist Party leader Juan Perón was elected to the presidency. A pioneer of syncretic politics and populism, Perón captured the attention of the masses and took advantage of the problems of the era including labor tensions, inequality and Cold War tensions. However, Perón's gradual consolidation of power throughout his term and his high-margin re-election in 1956 prompted the creation of an anti-Peronist movement. Largely led by the more moderate parties in Congress and the military, the movement eventually formed an anti-Peronist coalition which managed to oust Perón from office. In 1958, Perón was impeached on the grounds of abuse of power. His ousting sparked protests which were quickly put down by the Federal Police, itself purged of Peronists during the interim Presidency of UCR Congressman, Tomás Romero Pereira.

Perón's influence, particularly his support for labor unions, has persisted even after his sudden death of a heart attack in 1962. Since then, his legacy has been tarnished. The interim government of President Pereira banned the Justicialist Party and any other Peronist movement, and several Peronists within and outside the government were purged. Prominent newspapers such as El Mercurio and La Nación worked to smear Perón and Peronist publications, joining the government in attacking and ultimately destroying Perón's legacy and his supporters.

A year after his death, the nation has seemingly moved on from Peronism. Protests have become less and less frequent, Peronist organizations have either disbanded or gone underground, and the very name of the once widely popular President has become practically taboo. Labor unions associated with the Justicialist Party have either been stripped of their influence, disbanded or have been seized by the Government which has gone on a campaign to take control of the once powerful trade unions. However Perón's short yet influential term as President remains a specter over many, including the incumbent President Arturo Frondizi one of the masterminds behind his impeachment, removal and eventual exile.

In 1963, Arturo Frondizi, the leader of the Unión Cívica Radical Intransigente (UCR) is on his third and final year as President. Whilst in office, he has introduced various popular reforms including large investments into education, infrastructure, science, technology, and industry. In many ways, Frondizi has continued Perón's efforts to improve Argentine infrastructure and development, even when he persistently denies his policies are in any way, shape or form related to Peronism. Elsewhere, Frondizi has focused on foreign policy, widening Argentina's foreign reach and influence, while remaining as detached as possible from the ideological conflict of the Cold War. Despite Frondizi's hesitation, he has followed up on Perón's extensive modernizations to the military both to maintain Argentina's leading role in South America and to keep the army happy.

Argentina is in a golden age, rising high from decades of instability to become a shining example of success in Latino America. To many, Argentina's golden age will continue forever… their lives destined to only become better, perhaps, even as good as those in Europe or even the United States. If the economy continues to grow, jobs continue to be filled, the population continues to expand and the Government stays the course then perhaps they might be right.

Rutannia, Lieobria, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Tallahan, Maziya, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

Developing roads to assist in development plan

ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

[list][sup]Kingdom of Yemen

September 1963[/list][/sup]

[sup]The Yemeni Ministry of Public Works began developing the Al-Hudaydah -Sanaa and Al-Hudaydah -Taiz roads, to facilitate movements to and from Al-Hudaydah Port.

The port of Al-Hudaydah is the most important port in Yemen, which is currently undergoing a major development plan that will include new docks, equipment for loading and unloading containers from ships, a storage space for containers, workshop and dry dock for ship maintenance. The production capacity of electricity generators will also be increased of the port and city.[/sup]

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Lieobria, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

Cape Times | September 1963

DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER ENGAMELI ZWANE CALLS FOR REFERENDUM ON MONARCHY IN SOUTH AFRICA

By Barke Van Der Knaap, Political Correspondent

CAPE TOWN, CGH - In an unexpected turn of events, Deputy Prime Minister Engameli Zwane, leader of the African National Congress (ANC), has called upon Prime Minister Clayton Nkululeko to uphold the undisclosed terms of the 1961 coalition agreement and initiate a nationwide referendum regarding the status of the British Monarchy in South Africa.

This surprise announcement was made at a press conference held at the Parliament building in Cape Town late this afternoon. Zwane, flanked by his ANC lieutenants and other members of the ANC leadership, stood resolute in his commitment to democratic principles and the unwavering commitment to the self-determination of the South African people.

"The time has come for us to address an important issue that has for too long langured on the periphery of our national consciousness," declared the Deputy Prime Minister. "The question of whether we a free and independent African nation should continue to be ruled over by a relic of European imperialism, or take our destiny into our own hands and chart our own course forward as a nation governed by and for the people."

The Deputy Prime Minister emphasized that the ANC's call for a referendum is not a challenge to the government, nor did it reflect a lack of commitment to the coalition on its part, but rather should be seen as a reflection of their unwavering commitment to the values of African self-determination, democracy, and the 1961 ANC-United Party coalition agreement. This coalition agreement paved the way for the ANC and the United Party to form a coalition government in 1961.

Prime Minister Nkululeko, who was initially taken aback by the ANC's surprise press conference, responded cautiously, acknowledging the ANC's right to raise this matter for discussion. Although he stressed the need for thorough consideration of all relevant factors, including discussions with the United Party, before proceeding forward.

The debate over the monarchy's status in South Africa has been a contentious issue since the Union was established in 1910, with various political factions advocating for either its retention or abolition. While many believe that a referendum is long overdue, others caution against such a move, arguing that it may lead to further divisions within the nation or even fracture relations between Aboriginal Africans and South Africans of European decent.

Supporters of monarchical abolition have called the monarchy a "relic" of European imperialism and called for the creation of a uniquely South African head of state, while monarchists argue that the Crown represents an important link to the country's history, acts symbol of unity, and serves as the building block of South African multicultural democracy.

The coming weeks and months promise to be an interesting time of discussion and political, as South Africans from all walks of life begin to grapple with one of the most fundamental questions in its post-colonial history. Deputy Prime Minister Engameli Zwane's very public and disgruntled call for a referendum has set the stage for a significant political discussion on South Africa's history, governance, politics, and future.

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Arcanda, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Ranponian, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, New Provenance, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li, Mutawakkiliti

Wild West Africa

1959-1972

| As Federal government control over their lands, and even state governments remained loose, the Kafo-Tigui (county master) rule continued. This period would see the rise of a new threat; crime, and vigilantes.

Often times, while Kafo-Tigui’s tried to exercise policing and control over their counties, it often proved exceedingly difficult for their overstretched and underequiped police forces. This meant robbery and extortion, especially outside of major towns, cities, and villages was a common occurrence. Even state owned enterprises would typically pay off ransoms to ensure their cargo could move between cities. Most bandit gangs were; however, small committed mainly to petty theft, and robberies of villages.

In response to these criminals, and general difficulties in proper law enforcement, would lead to the rise of Marifatigi (literally, Gun have/gunslinger). These gunslingers would be given contracts or bounties to hunt criminals, and in some cases entire gangs with a posse of Marifatigi. The Dogon people of Sudan became especially known for their Marifatigi, often times because they would don ceremonial masks, and even weapons. By the middle of the Kafo-Tigui period, the Marifatigi became a common sight in villages across Mali, serving as supplemental deputies until local police could arrive.

Big name Marifatigi would include Ogotemmeli (named after the blind elder Ogotemmeli who help write down Dogon legends), Nummo/Nommo twin hunters, and The Efant Terrible. These 3 men would rack dozens of bounties between them, and protect villages in their area, leading to the slow and subtle decrease of banditry, and other crimes.

Rutannia, Lieobria, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Brazil Toucan, Bhaarat Lok

[list]September 1963

[sub]Post-Gandhi INC[/sub][/list]

[list][list][pre]गांधीजी के बाद राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस की सर्वोच्चता की रक्षा के लिए जवाहरलाल नेहरू ने पैंतरेबाजी की

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU MANEUVERS TO PROTECT THE SUPREMACY OF THE NATIONAL CONGRESS POST-GANDHI[/pre][/list][/list]

[list][sub]SEPTEMBER 1963 | सितंबर 1963[/sub][/list]

| [sub]In the wake of the death of Mahatma Gandhi late last year, the Indian National Congress - or the INC, India's governing party - has stood at a large crossroads. Since the country secured independence in 1950 and held its first official general elections in 1951, the INC has dominated the national government, by now extending its influence and strength to all facets of government, from the executive, to the legislative, to the judiciary. During that time, the INC was led by one of its founders and long-time leaders, the renowned "Father of India" Mahatma Gandhi. He served as President of the Republic of India from the inception of the position to 1961, when he left the position. Gandhi brought his internationally neutral, religiously secular and politically conciliatory style of governance to the table, balancing the more strong-armed Jawaharlal Nehru, a fellow INC party-mate who was to Gandhi's right and was India's first and - so far - only Prime Minister. Both leaders clashed on certain issues, but delivered a largely unified front. Gandhi kept the INC close to the center, repelling efforts by the party's Hindu conservative factions to bring it right-ward and away from voters who they claimed were becoming left-leaning anyway.[/sub] |

| [sub]The president's passing in late 1962 sent the Indian National Congress into a premature identity crisis. Nehru now had essential total control over the entire party, and no longer had a Gandhi on the sidelines to moderate him. This raised concerns among the moderate and independent-leaning factions of the INC, which under Nehru's increasingly socially conservative and militarily hawkish leadership, had grown more distant and dissatisfied with the INC leadership. Presently, the Congress party holds unwavering supremacy over the Indian government and the Indian political scene, but the party now faces potential internal turmoil as moderates (who enthusiastically favored Gandhi's policies) clash with a rising wing of Hindu nationalist conservatives (who favor Nehru, who has been open to drifting to rightward during his tenure as prime minister) in the wake of the death of the party's unifying public figurehead.[/sub] |

| [sub]Entering 1963, Prime Minister Nehru had taken a more low-down approach to governance, choosing to refrain from being bold and ambitious with policy statements and decisions. He chose instead to focus on building up India's self-defense capabilities in light of recent tensions with China over disputed border territories in the Kashmir region. The issue was broadly popular among the electorate, and Nehru saw favorable ratings thanks largely to his hawkish position on China and having India stand its ground. Domestically, Nehru's swath of Cabinet minsters labored away, tackling issues and proposing minor, unproblematic bills into the Lok Sabha, with the overall intention of delivering results for key voter groups without sparking an intra-party debate that would ruin Nehru's vision for INC party unity heading into the post-Gandhi world. Then came budget discussions in the spring of 1963.[/sub] |

| [sub]Like in many Western-style democracies the government's annual fiscal budget has to be run through the Lok Sabha - India's lower legislative chamber - which currently is held by an INC supermajority. Previously, budget debates had been largely no issue at all, with the INC voting in lockstep with the prime minister's proposed funding targets, cuts and increases. This time, however, a small but particularly rowdy of Hindu nationalists in the INC parliamentary caucus - dubbed the "प्रतिरोध" ("Resistance") - chose to boycott the vote over an increase in funding for secular public schools. It was a small issue to be sure, but the right-wing group - which had close ties to the Hindu nationalist BJS - sought to "deliver to [Nehru] that the INC is not his universal puppet". The boycott was small, but INC infighting being reported in the news was not to Nehru or any INC member's liking. The articles ran, and the Prime Minister maneuvered to secure his position, meeting with members of the right-wing group to discuss a compromise. Eventually, the funding was dropped in favor of supporting investments in India's advanced aerospace research programs - a measure that the left-wing opposition supported.[/sub] |

| [sub]While by September the fiasco had largely blown over, and the minds of the public had moved on to other things, the event was of significant value to the left-wing "Forward India" opposition alliance, which was seeking to exploit cracks in the Indian National Congress as it prepares for the first general election without Gandhi as an incumbent electoral juggernaut. Already the alliance had pinned Nehru and the INC for violating their own non-aligned policy when the Prime Minister and his foreign ministry elected to indirectly throw support behind Israel at the Non-Aligned Movement summit.[/sub] |

[spoiler=[sub]Written for the RMB Screen of the[/sub]

COMMONWEALTH OF LIBERTY

—]

Adriatican Islands

Al-Oman

Amsterwald

Arcanda

Brazil Toucan

Cascadla

Cheezaslovakia

Connomia

East Germany Ddr

Great Britain Gb

Greater Kurdistane

Israelli

Kewtpuff

Kotakuan Ii

Ma-Li

Maziya

Metropolitan Francais

Neepal

Nevbrejnovitz

Newauroria

New Provenance

Nileia

Nippon-Nihon

Osivoii

Paramountica

Paseo

Peking Zhongguo

Pontianus

Provenancia

Ranponian

Rutannia

Saudi Arabiyah

Socialist Democratic Republic Romania

Spainard

Sudesam

Turkiye 1St

Vancouver Straits

Victoria Harbor

Vietnam Sv

Virnall

[/spoiler]

Rutannia, Amsterwald, Socialist Democratic Republic Romania, Saudi Arabiyah, Metropolitan Francais, Republica De Cuba-, Brazil Toucan, Ma-Li

Assembled with Dot's Region Saver.
Written by Refuge Isle.